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Installing collected packages: tz, ifaddr, zeroconf, wheel, websockets, websocket-client, waitress, urllib3, typing-extensions, six, pyyaml, python-magic, pyasn1, packaging, mypy-extensions, MarkupSafe, itsdangerous, idna, greenlet, frozendict, click, charset-normalizer, certifi, blinker, bcrypt, async-timeout, Werkzeug, typing-inspect, sqlalchemy, rsa, requests, redis, python-dateutil, marshmallow, Mako, Jinja2, marshmallow-dataclass, flask, croniter, alembic, platypush
Successfully installed Jinja2-3.1.2 Mako-1.2.4 MarkupSafe-2.1.2 Werkzeug-2.3.3 alembic-1.10.4 async-timeout-4.0.2 bcrypt-4.0.1 blinker-1.6.2 certifi-2022.12.7 charset-normalizer-3.1.0 click-8.1.3 croniter-1.3.14 flask-2.3.2 frozendict-2.3.8 greenlet-2.0.2 idna-3.4 ifaddr-0.2.0 itsdangerous-2.1.2 marshmallow-3.19.0 marshmallow-dataclass-8.5.14 mypy-extensions-1.0.0 packaging-23.1 platypush-0.24.5 pyasn1-0.5.0 python-dateutil-2.8.2 python-magic-0.4.27 pyyaml-6.0 redis-4.5.4 requests-2.30.0 rsa-4.9 six-1.16.0 sqlalchemy-2.0.12 typing-extensions-4.5.0 typing-inspect-0.8.0 tz-0.2.2 urllib3-2.0.2 waitress-2.1.2 websocket-client-1.5.1 websockets-11.0.2 wheel-0.40.0 zeroconf-0.62.0
/opt/tests/platypush
Running tests
============================= test session starts ==============================
platform linux -- Python 3.11.3, pytest-7.3.1, pluggy-1.0.0
rootdir: /opt/repos/platypush
configfile: pyproject.toml
plugins: regressions-2.4.2, datadir-1.4.1
collected 13 items

tests/test_cron.py F                                                     [  7%]
tests/test_event_parse.py .....                                          [ 46%]
tests/test_http.py FFFFF                                                 [ 84%]
tests/test_procedure.py EE                                               [100%]

==================================== ERRORS ====================================
____________________ ERROR at setup of test_procedure_call _____________________

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>

    def _new_conn(self):
        """Establish a socket connection and set nodelay settings on it.
    
        :return: New socket connection.
        """
        extra_kw = {}
        if self.source_address:
            extra_kw["source_address"] = self.source_address
    
        if self.socket_options:
            extra_kw["socket_options"] = self.socket_options
    
        try:
>           conn = connection.create_connection(
                (self._dns_host, self.port), self.timeout, **extra_kw
            )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:174: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

address = ('localhost', 8123), timeout = None, source_address = None
socket_options = [(6, 1, 1)]

    def create_connection(
        address,
        timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
        source_address=None,
        socket_options=None,
    ):
        """Connect to *address* and return the socket object.
    
        Convenience function.  Connect to *address* (a 2-tuple ``(host,
        port)``) and return the socket object.  Passing the optional
        *timeout* parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance
        before attempting to connect.  If no *timeout* is supplied, the
        global default timeout setting returned by :func:`socket.getdefaulttimeout`
        is used.  If *source_address* is set it must be a tuple of (host, port)
        for the socket to bind as a source address before making the connection.
        An host of '' or port 0 tells the OS to use the default.
        """
    
        host, port = address
        if host.startswith("["):
            host = host.strip("[]")
        err = None
    
        # Using the value from allowed_gai_family() in the context of getaddrinfo lets
        # us select whether to work with IPv4 DNS records, IPv6 records, or both.
        # The original create_connection function always returns all records.
        family = allowed_gai_family()
    
        try:
            host.encode("idna")
        except UnicodeError:
            return six.raise_from(
                LocationParseError(u"'%s', label empty or too long" % host), None
            )
    
        for res in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
            af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
            sock = None
            try:
                sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
    
                # If provided, set socket level options before connecting.
                _set_socket_options(sock, socket_options)
    
                if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
                    sock.settimeout(timeout)
                if source_address:
                    sock.bind(source_address)
                sock.connect(sa)
                return sock
    
            except socket.error as e:
                err = e
                if sock is not None:
                    sock.close()
                    sock = None
    
        if err is not None:
>           raise err

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py:95: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

address = ('localhost', 8123), timeout = None, source_address = None
socket_options = [(6, 1, 1)]

    def create_connection(
        address,
        timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
        source_address=None,
        socket_options=None,
    ):
        """Connect to *address* and return the socket object.
    
        Convenience function.  Connect to *address* (a 2-tuple ``(host,
        port)``) and return the socket object.  Passing the optional
        *timeout* parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance
        before attempting to connect.  If no *timeout* is supplied, the
        global default timeout setting returned by :func:`socket.getdefaulttimeout`
        is used.  If *source_address* is set it must be a tuple of (host, port)
        for the socket to bind as a source address before making the connection.
        An host of '' or port 0 tells the OS to use the default.
        """
    
        host, port = address
        if host.startswith("["):
            host = host.strip("[]")
        err = None
    
        # Using the value from allowed_gai_family() in the context of getaddrinfo lets
        # us select whether to work with IPv4 DNS records, IPv6 records, or both.
        # The original create_connection function always returns all records.
        family = allowed_gai_family()
    
        try:
            host.encode("idna")
        except UnicodeError:
            return six.raise_from(
                LocationParseError(u"'%s', label empty or too long" % host), None
            )
    
        for res in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
            af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
            sock = None
            try:
                sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
    
                # If provided, set socket level options before connecting.
                _set_socket_options(sock, socket_options)
    
                if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
                    sock.settimeout(timeout)
                if source_address:
                    sock.bind(source_address)
>               sock.connect(sa)
E               ConnectionRefusedError: [Errno 111] Connection refused

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py:85: ConnectionRefusedError

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

self = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa00941b390>
method = 'POST', url = '/register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/'
body = 'username=platypush&password=test&confirm_password=test'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '54', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
retries = Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=False, redirect=None, status=None)
redirect = False, assert_same_host = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), pool_timeout = None
release_conn = False, chunked = False, body_pos = None
response_kw = {'decode_content': False, 'preload_content': False}
parsed_url = Url(scheme=None, auth=None, host=None, port=None, path='/register', query='redirect=http://localhost:8123/', fragment=None)
destination_scheme = None, conn = None, release_this_conn = True
http_tunnel_required = False, err = None, clean_exit = False

    def urlopen(
        self,
        method,
        url,
        body=None,
        headers=None,
        retries=None,
        redirect=True,
        assert_same_host=True,
        timeout=_Default,
        pool_timeout=None,
        release_conn=None,
        chunked=False,
        body_pos=None,
        **response_kw
    ):
        """
        Get a connection from the pool and perform an HTTP request. This is the
        lowest level call for making a request, so you'll need to specify all
        the raw details.
    
        .. note::
    
           More commonly, it's appropriate to use a convenience method provided
           by :class:`.RequestMethods`, such as :meth:`request`.
    
        .. note::
    
           `release_conn` will only behave as expected if
           `preload_content=False` because we want to make
           `preload_content=False` the default behaviour someday soon without
           breaking backwards compatibility.
    
        :param method:
            HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.)
    
        :param url:
            The URL to perform the request on.
    
        :param body:
            Data to send in the request body, either :class:`str`, :class:`bytes`,
            an iterable of :class:`str`/:class:`bytes`, or a file-like object.
    
        :param headers:
            Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent,
            If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided,
            these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers.
    
        :param retries:
            Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a
            :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` exception.
    
            Pass ``None`` to retry until you receive a response. Pass a
            :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` object for fine-grained control
            over different types of retries.
            Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times,
            but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry.
    
            If ``False``, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised
            immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects,
            the redirect response will be returned.
    
        :type retries: :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry`, False, or an int.
    
        :param redirect:
            If True, automatically handle redirects (status codes 301, 302,
            303, 307, 308). Each redirect counts as a retry. Disabling retries
            will disable redirect, too.
    
        :param assert_same_host:
            If ``True``, will make sure that the host of the pool requests is
            consistent else will raise HostChangedError. When ``False``, you can
            use the pool on an HTTP proxy and request foreign hosts.
    
        :param timeout:
            If specified, overrides the default timeout for this one
            request. It may be a float (in seconds) or an instance of
            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`.
    
        :param pool_timeout:
            If set and the pool is set to block=True, then this method will
            block for ``pool_timeout`` seconds and raise EmptyPoolError if no
            connection is available within the time period.
    
        :param release_conn:
            If False, then the urlopen call will not release the connection
            back into the pool once a response is received (but will release if
            you read the entire contents of the response such as when
            `preload_content=True`). This is useful if you're not preloading
            the response's content immediately. You will need to call
            ``r.release_conn()`` on the response ``r`` to return the connection
            back into the pool. If None, it takes the value of
            ``response_kw.get('preload_content', True)``.
    
        :param chunked:
            If True, urllib3 will send the body using chunked transfer
            encoding. Otherwise, urllib3 will send the body using the standard
            content-length form. Defaults to False.
    
        :param int body_pos:
            Position to seek to in file-like body in the event of a retry or
            redirect. Typically this won't need to be set because urllib3 will
            auto-populate the value when needed.
    
        :param \\**response_kw:
            Additional parameters are passed to
            :meth:`urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.from_httplib`
        """
    
        parsed_url = parse_url(url)
        destination_scheme = parsed_url.scheme
    
        if headers is None:
            headers = self.headers
    
        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
    
        if release_conn is None:
            release_conn = response_kw.get("preload_content", True)
    
        # Check host
        if assert_same_host and not self.is_same_host(url):
            raise HostChangedError(self, url, retries)
    
        # Ensure that the URL we're connecting to is properly encoded
        if url.startswith("/"):
            url = six.ensure_str(_encode_target(url))
        else:
            url = six.ensure_str(parsed_url.url)
    
        conn = None
    
        # Track whether `conn` needs to be released before
        # returning/raising/recursing. Update this variable if necessary, and
        # leave `release_conn` constant throughout the function. That way, if
        # the function recurses, the original value of `release_conn` will be
        # passed down into the recursive call, and its value will be respected.
        #
        # See issue #651 [1] for details.
        #
        # [1] <https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/651>
        release_this_conn = release_conn
    
        http_tunnel_required = connection_requires_http_tunnel(
            self.proxy, self.proxy_config, destination_scheme
        )
    
        # Merge the proxy headers. Only done when not using HTTP CONNECT. We
        # have to copy the headers dict so we can safely change it without those
        # changes being reflected in anyone else's copy.
        if not http_tunnel_required:
            headers = headers.copy()
            headers.update(self.proxy_headers)
    
        # Must keep the exception bound to a separate variable or else Python 3
        # complains about UnboundLocalError.
        err = None
    
        # Keep track of whether we cleanly exited the except block. This
        # ensures we do proper cleanup in finally.
        clean_exit = False
    
        # Rewind body position, if needed. Record current position
        # for future rewinds in the event of a redirect/retry.
        body_pos = set_file_position(body, body_pos)
    
        try:
            # Request a connection from the queue.
            timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
            conn = self._get_conn(timeout=pool_timeout)
    
            conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
    
            is_new_proxy_conn = self.proxy is not None and not getattr(
                conn, "sock", None
            )
            if is_new_proxy_conn and http_tunnel_required:
                self._prepare_proxy(conn)
    
            # Make the request on the httplib connection object.
>           httplib_response = self._make_request(
                conn,
                method,
                url,
                timeout=timeout_obj,
                body=body,
                headers=headers,
                chunked=chunked,
            )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:703: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa00941b390>
conn = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>
method = 'POST', url = '/register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/'
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), chunked = False
httplib_request_kw = {'body': 'username=platypush&password=test&confirm_password=test', 'headers': {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2',...cept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '54', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}}
timeout_obj = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None)

    def _make_request(
        self, conn, method, url, timeout=_Default, chunked=False, **httplib_request_kw
    ):
        """
        Perform a request on a given urllib connection object taken from our
        pool.
    
        :param conn:
            a connection from one of our connection pools
    
        :param timeout:
            Socket timeout in seconds for the request. This can be a
            float or integer, which will set the same timeout value for
            the socket connect and the socket read, or an instance of
            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`, which gives you more fine-grained
            control over your timeouts.
        """
        self.num_requests += 1
    
        timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
        timeout_obj.start_connect()
        conn.timeout = Timeout.resolve_default_timeout(timeout_obj.connect_timeout)
    
        # Trigger any extra validation we need to do.
        try:
            self._validate_conn(conn)
        except (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError) as e:
            # Py2 raises this as a BaseSSLError, Py3 raises it as socket timeout.
            self._raise_timeout(err=e, url=url, timeout_value=conn.timeout)
            raise
    
        # conn.request() calls http.client.*.request, not the method in
        # urllib3.request. It also calls makefile (recv) on the socket.
        try:
            if chunked:
                conn.request_chunked(method, url, **httplib_request_kw)
            else:
>               conn.request(method, url, **httplib_request_kw)

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:398: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>
method = 'POST', url = '/register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/'
body = 'username=platypush&password=test&confirm_password=test'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '54', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}

    def request(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None):
        # Update the inner socket's timeout value to send the request.
        # This only triggers if the connection is re-used.
        if getattr(self, "sock", None) is not None:
            self.sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
    
        if headers is None:
            headers = {}
        else:
            # Avoid modifying the headers passed into .request()
            headers = headers.copy()
        if "user-agent" not in (six.ensure_str(k.lower()) for k in headers):
            headers["User-Agent"] = _get_default_user_agent()
>       super(HTTPConnection, self).request(method, url, body=body, headers=headers)

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:244: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>
method = 'POST', url = '/register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/'
body = 'username=platypush&password=test&confirm_password=test'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '54', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}

    def request(self, method, url, body=None, headers={}, *,
                encode_chunked=False):
        """Send a complete request to the server."""
>       self._send_request(method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1283: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>
method = 'POST', url = '/register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/'
body = b'username=platypush&password=test&confirm_password=test'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '54', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
encode_chunked = False

    def _send_request(self, method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked):
        # Honor explicitly requested Host: and Accept-Encoding: headers.
        header_names = frozenset(k.lower() for k in headers)
        skips = {}
        if 'host' in header_names:
            skips['skip_host'] = 1
        if 'accept-encoding' in header_names:
            skips['skip_accept_encoding'] = 1
    
        self.putrequest(method, url, **skips)
    
        # chunked encoding will happen if HTTP/1.1 is used and either
        # the caller passes encode_chunked=True or the following
        # conditions hold:
        # 1. content-length has not been explicitly set
        # 2. the body is a file or iterable, but not a str or bytes-like
        # 3. Transfer-Encoding has NOT been explicitly set by the caller
    
        if 'content-length' not in header_names:
            # only chunk body if not explicitly set for backwards
            # compatibility, assuming the client code is already handling the
            # chunking
            if 'transfer-encoding' not in header_names:
                # if content-length cannot be automatically determined, fall
                # back to chunked encoding
                encode_chunked = False
                content_length = self._get_content_length(body, method)
                if content_length is None:
                    if body is not None:
                        if self.debuglevel > 0:
                            print('Unable to determine size of %r' % body)
                        encode_chunked = True
                        self.putheader('Transfer-Encoding', 'chunked')
                else:
                    self.putheader('Content-Length', str(content_length))
        else:
            encode_chunked = False
    
        for hdr, value in headers.items():
            self.putheader(hdr, value)
        if isinstance(body, str):
            # RFC 2616 Section 3.7.1 says that text default has a
            # default charset of iso-8859-1.
            body = _encode(body, 'body')
>       self.endheaders(body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1329: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>
message_body = b'username=platypush&password=test&confirm_password=test'

    def endheaders(self, message_body=None, *, encode_chunked=False):
        """Indicate that the last header line has been sent to the server.
    
        This method sends the request to the server.  The optional message_body
        argument can be used to pass a message body associated with the
        request.
        """
        if self.__state == _CS_REQ_STARTED:
            self.__state = _CS_REQ_SENT
        else:
            raise CannotSendHeader()
>       self._send_output(message_body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1278: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>
message_body = b'username=platypush&password=test&confirm_password=test'
encode_chunked = False

    def _send_output(self, message_body=None, encode_chunked=False):
        """Send the currently buffered request and clear the buffer.
    
        Appends an extra \\r\\n to the buffer.
        A message_body may be specified, to be appended to the request.
        """
        self._buffer.extend((b"", b""))
        msg = b"\r\n".join(self._buffer)
        del self._buffer[:]
>       self.send(msg)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1038: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>
data = b'POST /register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/ HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: localhost:8123\r\nUser-Agent: python-requests/2.28....Accept: */*\r\nConnection: keep-alive\r\nContent-Length: 54\r\nContent-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\n\r\n'

    def send(self, data):
        """Send `data' to the server.
        ``data`` can be a string object, a bytes object, an array object, a
        file-like object that supports a .read() method, or an iterable object.
        """
    
        if self.sock is None:
            if self.auto_open:
>               self.connect()

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:976: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>

    def connect(self):
>       conn = self._new_conn()

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:205: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>

    def _new_conn(self):
        """Establish a socket connection and set nodelay settings on it.
    
        :return: New socket connection.
        """
        extra_kw = {}
        if self.source_address:
            extra_kw["source_address"] = self.source_address
    
        if self.socket_options:
            extra_kw["socket_options"] = self.socket_options
    
        try:
            conn = connection.create_connection(
                (self._dns_host, self.port), self.timeout, **extra_kw
            )
    
        except SocketTimeout:
            raise ConnectTimeoutError(
                self,
                "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)"
                % (self.host, self.timeout),
            )
    
        except SocketError as e:
>           raise NewConnectionError(
                self, "Failed to establish a new connection: %s" % e
            )
E           urllib3.exceptions.NewConnectionError: <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:186: NewConnectionError

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

self = <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter object at 0x7fa009419110>
request = <PreparedRequest [POST]>, stream = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), verify = True
cert = None, proxies = OrderedDict()

    def send(
        self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None
    ):
        """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
    
        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
        :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
        :type timeout: float or tuple or urllib3 Timeout object
        :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether
            we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it
            must be a path to a CA bundle to use
        :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
        :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
        :rtype: requests.Response
        """
    
        try:
            conn = self.get_connection(request.url, proxies)
        except LocationValueError as e:
            raise InvalidURL(e, request=request)
    
        self.cert_verify(conn, request.url, verify, cert)
        url = self.request_url(request, proxies)
        self.add_headers(
            request,
            stream=stream,
            timeout=timeout,
            verify=verify,
            cert=cert,
            proxies=proxies,
        )
    
        chunked = not (request.body is None or "Content-Length" in request.headers)
    
        if isinstance(timeout, tuple):
            try:
                connect, read = timeout
                timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read)
            except ValueError:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Invalid timeout {timeout}. Pass a (connect, read) timeout tuple, "
                    f"or a single float to set both timeouts to the same value."
                )
        elif isinstance(timeout, TimeoutSauce):
            pass
        else:
            timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout)
    
        try:
            if not chunked:
>               resp = conn.urlopen(
                    method=request.method,
                    url=url,
                    body=request.body,
                    headers=request.headers,
                    redirect=False,
                    assert_same_host=False,
                    preload_content=False,
                    decode_content=False,
                    retries=self.max_retries,
                    timeout=timeout,
                )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/adapters.py:489: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa00941b390>
method = 'POST', url = '/register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/'
body = 'username=platypush&password=test&confirm_password=test'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '54', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
retries = Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=False, redirect=None, status=None)
redirect = False, assert_same_host = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), pool_timeout = None
release_conn = False, chunked = False, body_pos = None
response_kw = {'decode_content': False, 'preload_content': False}
parsed_url = Url(scheme=None, auth=None, host=None, port=None, path='/register', query='redirect=http://localhost:8123/', fragment=None)
destination_scheme = None, conn = None, release_this_conn = True
http_tunnel_required = False, err = None, clean_exit = False

    def urlopen(
        self,
        method,
        url,
        body=None,
        headers=None,
        retries=None,
        redirect=True,
        assert_same_host=True,
        timeout=_Default,
        pool_timeout=None,
        release_conn=None,
        chunked=False,
        body_pos=None,
        **response_kw
    ):
        """
        Get a connection from the pool and perform an HTTP request. This is the
        lowest level call for making a request, so you'll need to specify all
        the raw details.
    
        .. note::
    
           More commonly, it's appropriate to use a convenience method provided
           by :class:`.RequestMethods`, such as :meth:`request`.
    
        .. note::
    
           `release_conn` will only behave as expected if
           `preload_content=False` because we want to make
           `preload_content=False` the default behaviour someday soon without
           breaking backwards compatibility.
    
        :param method:
            HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.)
    
        :param url:
            The URL to perform the request on.
    
        :param body:
            Data to send in the request body, either :class:`str`, :class:`bytes`,
            an iterable of :class:`str`/:class:`bytes`, or a file-like object.
    
        :param headers:
            Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent,
            If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided,
            these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers.
    
        :param retries:
            Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a
            :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` exception.
    
            Pass ``None`` to retry until you receive a response. Pass a
            :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` object for fine-grained control
            over different types of retries.
            Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times,
            but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry.
    
            If ``False``, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised
            immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects,
            the redirect response will be returned.
    
        :type retries: :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry`, False, or an int.
    
        :param redirect:
            If True, automatically handle redirects (status codes 301, 302,
            303, 307, 308). Each redirect counts as a retry. Disabling retries
            will disable redirect, too.
    
        :param assert_same_host:
            If ``True``, will make sure that the host of the pool requests is
            consistent else will raise HostChangedError. When ``False``, you can
            use the pool on an HTTP proxy and request foreign hosts.
    
        :param timeout:
            If specified, overrides the default timeout for this one
            request. It may be a float (in seconds) or an instance of
            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`.
    
        :param pool_timeout:
            If set and the pool is set to block=True, then this method will
            block for ``pool_timeout`` seconds and raise EmptyPoolError if no
            connection is available within the time period.
    
        :param release_conn:
            If False, then the urlopen call will not release the connection
            back into the pool once a response is received (but will release if
            you read the entire contents of the response such as when
            `preload_content=True`). This is useful if you're not preloading
            the response's content immediately. You will need to call
            ``r.release_conn()`` on the response ``r`` to return the connection
            back into the pool. If None, it takes the value of
            ``response_kw.get('preload_content', True)``.
    
        :param chunked:
            If True, urllib3 will send the body using chunked transfer
            encoding. Otherwise, urllib3 will send the body using the standard
            content-length form. Defaults to False.
    
        :param int body_pos:
            Position to seek to in file-like body in the event of a retry or
            redirect. Typically this won't need to be set because urllib3 will
            auto-populate the value when needed.
    
        :param \\**response_kw:
            Additional parameters are passed to
            :meth:`urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.from_httplib`
        """
    
        parsed_url = parse_url(url)
        destination_scheme = parsed_url.scheme
    
        if headers is None:
            headers = self.headers
    
        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
    
        if release_conn is None:
            release_conn = response_kw.get("preload_content", True)
    
        # Check host
        if assert_same_host and not self.is_same_host(url):
            raise HostChangedError(self, url, retries)
    
        # Ensure that the URL we're connecting to is properly encoded
        if url.startswith("/"):
            url = six.ensure_str(_encode_target(url))
        else:
            url = six.ensure_str(parsed_url.url)
    
        conn = None
    
        # Track whether `conn` needs to be released before
        # returning/raising/recursing. Update this variable if necessary, and
        # leave `release_conn` constant throughout the function. That way, if
        # the function recurses, the original value of `release_conn` will be
        # passed down into the recursive call, and its value will be respected.
        #
        # See issue #651 [1] for details.
        #
        # [1] <https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/651>
        release_this_conn = release_conn
    
        http_tunnel_required = connection_requires_http_tunnel(
            self.proxy, self.proxy_config, destination_scheme
        )
    
        # Merge the proxy headers. Only done when not using HTTP CONNECT. We
        # have to copy the headers dict so we can safely change it without those
        # changes being reflected in anyone else's copy.
        if not http_tunnel_required:
            headers = headers.copy()
            headers.update(self.proxy_headers)
    
        # Must keep the exception bound to a separate variable or else Python 3
        # complains about UnboundLocalError.
        err = None
    
        # Keep track of whether we cleanly exited the except block. This
        # ensures we do proper cleanup in finally.
        clean_exit = False
    
        # Rewind body position, if needed. Record current position
        # for future rewinds in the event of a redirect/retry.
        body_pos = set_file_position(body, body_pos)
    
        try:
            # Request a connection from the queue.
            timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
            conn = self._get_conn(timeout=pool_timeout)
    
            conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
    
            is_new_proxy_conn = self.proxy is not None and not getattr(
                conn, "sock", None
            )
            if is_new_proxy_conn and http_tunnel_required:
                self._prepare_proxy(conn)
    
            # Make the request on the httplib connection object.
            httplib_response = self._make_request(
                conn,
                method,
                url,
                timeout=timeout_obj,
                body=body,
                headers=headers,
                chunked=chunked,
            )
    
            # If we're going to release the connection in ``finally:``, then
            # the response doesn't need to know about the connection. Otherwise
            # it will also try to release it and we'll have a double-release
            # mess.
            response_conn = conn if not release_conn else None
    
            # Pass method to Response for length checking
            response_kw["request_method"] = method
    
            # Import httplib's response into our own wrapper object
            response = self.ResponseCls.from_httplib(
                httplib_response,
                pool=self,
                connection=response_conn,
                retries=retries,
                **response_kw
            )
    
            # Everything went great!
            clean_exit = True
    
        except EmptyPoolError:
            # Didn't get a connection from the pool, no need to clean up
            clean_exit = True
            release_this_conn = False
            raise
    
        except (
            TimeoutError,
            HTTPException,
            SocketError,
            ProtocolError,
            BaseSSLError,
            SSLError,
            CertificateError,
        ) as e:
            # Discard the connection for these exceptions. It will be
            # replaced during the next _get_conn() call.
            clean_exit = False
    
            def _is_ssl_error_message_from_http_proxy(ssl_error):
                # We're trying to detect the message 'WRONG_VERSION_NUMBER' but
                # SSLErrors are kinda all over the place when it comes to the message,
                # so we try to cover our bases here!
                message = " ".join(re.split("[^a-z]", str(ssl_error).lower()))
                return (
                    "wrong version number" in message or "unknown protocol" in message
                )
    
            # Try to detect a common user error with proxies which is to
            # set an HTTP proxy to be HTTPS when it should be 'http://'
            # (ie {'http': 'http://proxy', 'https': 'https://proxy'})
            # Instead we add a nice error message and point to a URL.
            if (
                isinstance(e, BaseSSLError)
                and self.proxy
                and _is_ssl_error_message_from_http_proxy(e)
                and conn.proxy
                and conn.proxy.scheme == "https"
            ):
                e = ProxyError(
                    "Your proxy appears to only use HTTP and not HTTPS, "
                    "try changing your proxy URL to be HTTP. See: "
                    "https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/1.26.x/advanced-usage.html"
                    "#https-proxy-error-http-proxy",
                    SSLError(e),
                )
            elif isinstance(e, (BaseSSLError, CertificateError)):
                e = SSLError(e)
            elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, NewConnectionError)) and self.proxy:
                e = ProxyError("Cannot connect to proxy.", e)
            elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, HTTPException)):
                e = ProtocolError("Connection aborted.", e)
    
>           retries = retries.increment(
                method, url, error=e, _pool=self, _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2]
            )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:787: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=False, redirect=None, status=None)
method = 'POST', url = '/register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/'
response = None
error = NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused')
_pool = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa00941b390>
_stacktrace = <traceback object at 0x7fa00992bcc0>

    def increment(
        self,
        method=None,
        url=None,
        response=None,
        error=None,
        _pool=None,
        _stacktrace=None,
    ):
        """Return a new Retry object with incremented retry counters.
    
        :param response: A response object, or None, if the server did not
            return a response.
        :type response: :class:`~urllib3.response.HTTPResponse`
        :param Exception error: An error encountered during the request, or
            None if the response was received successfully.
    
        :return: A new ``Retry`` object.
        """
        if self.total is False and error:
            # Disabled, indicate to re-raise the error.
            raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
    
        total = self.total
        if total is not None:
            total -= 1
    
        connect = self.connect
        read = self.read
        redirect = self.redirect
        status_count = self.status
        other = self.other
        cause = "unknown"
        status = None
        redirect_location = None
    
        if error and self._is_connection_error(error):
            # Connect retry?
            if connect is False:
                raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
            elif connect is not None:
                connect -= 1
    
        elif error and self._is_read_error(error):
            # Read retry?
            if read is False or not self._is_method_retryable(method):
                raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
            elif read is not None:
                read -= 1
    
        elif error:
            # Other retry?
            if other is not None:
                other -= 1
    
        elif response and response.get_redirect_location():
            # Redirect retry?
            if redirect is not None:
                redirect -= 1
            cause = "too many redirects"
            redirect_location = response.get_redirect_location()
            status = response.status
    
        else:
            # Incrementing because of a server error like a 500 in
            # status_forcelist and the given method is in the allowed_methods
            cause = ResponseError.GENERIC_ERROR
            if response and response.status:
                if status_count is not None:
                    status_count -= 1
                cause = ResponseError.SPECIFIC_ERROR.format(status_code=response.status)
                status = response.status
    
        history = self.history + (
            RequestHistory(method, url, error, status, redirect_location),
        )
    
        new_retry = self.new(
            total=total,
            connect=connect,
            read=read,
            redirect=redirect,
            status=status_count,
            other=other,
            history=history,
        )
    
        if new_retry.is_exhausted():
>           raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, error or ResponseError(cause))
E           urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError: HTTPConnectionPool(host='localhost', port=8123): Max retries exceeded with url: /register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/ (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused'))

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/util/retry.py:592: MaxRetryError

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

_ = ()

    @pytest.fixture(scope='module', autouse=True)
    def user(*_):
>       register_user()

tests/test_procedure.py:15: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 
tests/utils.py:87: in register_user
    response = requests.post(
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/api.py:115: in post
    return request("post", url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/api.py:59: in request
    return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/sessions.py:587: in request
    resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/sessions.py:701: in send
    r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter object at 0x7fa009419110>
request = <PreparedRequest [POST]>, stream = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), verify = True
cert = None, proxies = OrderedDict()

    def send(
        self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None
    ):
        """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
    
        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
        :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
        :type timeout: float or tuple or urllib3 Timeout object
        :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether
            we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it
            must be a path to a CA bundle to use
        :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
        :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
        :rtype: requests.Response
        """
    
        try:
            conn = self.get_connection(request.url, proxies)
        except LocationValueError as e:
            raise InvalidURL(e, request=request)
    
        self.cert_verify(conn, request.url, verify, cert)
        url = self.request_url(request, proxies)
        self.add_headers(
            request,
            stream=stream,
            timeout=timeout,
            verify=verify,
            cert=cert,
            proxies=proxies,
        )
    
        chunked = not (request.body is None or "Content-Length" in request.headers)
    
        if isinstance(timeout, tuple):
            try:
                connect, read = timeout
                timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read)
            except ValueError:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Invalid timeout {timeout}. Pass a (connect, read) timeout tuple, "
                    f"or a single float to set both timeouts to the same value."
                )
        elif isinstance(timeout, TimeoutSauce):
            pass
        else:
            timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout)
    
        try:
            if not chunked:
                resp = conn.urlopen(
                    method=request.method,
                    url=url,
                    body=request.body,
                    headers=request.headers,
                    redirect=False,
                    assert_same_host=False,
                    preload_content=False,
                    decode_content=False,
                    retries=self.max_retries,
                    timeout=timeout,
                )
    
            # Send the request.
            else:
                if hasattr(conn, "proxy_pool"):
                    conn = conn.proxy_pool
    
                low_conn = conn._get_conn(timeout=DEFAULT_POOL_TIMEOUT)
    
                try:
                    skip_host = "Host" in request.headers
                    low_conn.putrequest(
                        request.method,
                        url,
                        skip_accept_encoding=True,
                        skip_host=skip_host,
                    )
    
                    for header, value in request.headers.items():
                        low_conn.putheader(header, value)
    
                    low_conn.endheaders()
    
                    for i in request.body:
                        low_conn.send(hex(len(i))[2:].encode("utf-8"))
                        low_conn.send(b"\r\n")
                        low_conn.send(i)
                        low_conn.send(b"\r\n")
                    low_conn.send(b"0\r\n\r\n")
    
                    # Receive the response from the server
                    r = low_conn.getresponse()
    
                    resp = HTTPResponse.from_httplib(
                        r,
                        pool=conn,
                        connection=low_conn,
                        preload_content=False,
                        decode_content=False,
                    )
                except Exception:
                    # If we hit any problems here, clean up the connection.
                    # Then, raise so that we can handle the actual exception.
                    low_conn.close()
                    raise
    
        except (ProtocolError, OSError) as err:
            raise ConnectionError(err, request=request)
    
        except MaxRetryError as e:
            if isinstance(e.reason, ConnectTimeoutError):
                # TODO: Remove this in 3.0.0: see #2811
                if not isinstance(e.reason, NewConnectionError):
                    raise ConnectTimeout(e, request=request)
    
            if isinstance(e.reason, ResponseError):
                raise RetryError(e, request=request)
    
            if isinstance(e.reason, _ProxyError):
                raise ProxyError(e, request=request)
    
            if isinstance(e.reason, _SSLError):
                # This branch is for urllib3 v1.22 and later.
                raise SSLError(e, request=request)
    
>           raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
E           requests.exceptions.ConnectionError: HTTPConnectionPool(host='localhost', port=8123): Max retries exceeded with url: /register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/ (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused'))

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/adapters.py:565: ConnectionError
_________________ ERROR at setup of test_procedure_from_event __________________

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>

    def _new_conn(self):
        """Establish a socket connection and set nodelay settings on it.
    
        :return: New socket connection.
        """
        extra_kw = {}
        if self.source_address:
            extra_kw["source_address"] = self.source_address
    
        if self.socket_options:
            extra_kw["socket_options"] = self.socket_options
    
        try:
>           conn = connection.create_connection(
                (self._dns_host, self.port), self.timeout, **extra_kw
            )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:174: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

address = ('localhost', 8123), timeout = None, source_address = None
socket_options = [(6, 1, 1)]

    def create_connection(
        address,
        timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
        source_address=None,
        socket_options=None,
    ):
        """Connect to *address* and return the socket object.
    
        Convenience function.  Connect to *address* (a 2-tuple ``(host,
        port)``) and return the socket object.  Passing the optional
        *timeout* parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance
        before attempting to connect.  If no *timeout* is supplied, the
        global default timeout setting returned by :func:`socket.getdefaulttimeout`
        is used.  If *source_address* is set it must be a tuple of (host, port)
        for the socket to bind as a source address before making the connection.
        An host of '' or port 0 tells the OS to use the default.
        """
    
        host, port = address
        if host.startswith("["):
            host = host.strip("[]")
        err = None
    
        # Using the value from allowed_gai_family() in the context of getaddrinfo lets
        # us select whether to work with IPv4 DNS records, IPv6 records, or both.
        # The original create_connection function always returns all records.
        family = allowed_gai_family()
    
        try:
            host.encode("idna")
        except UnicodeError:
            return six.raise_from(
                LocationParseError(u"'%s', label empty or too long" % host), None
            )
    
        for res in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
            af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
            sock = None
            try:
                sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
    
                # If provided, set socket level options before connecting.
                _set_socket_options(sock, socket_options)
    
                if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
                    sock.settimeout(timeout)
                if source_address:
                    sock.bind(source_address)
                sock.connect(sa)
                return sock
    
            except socket.error as e:
                err = e
                if sock is not None:
                    sock.close()
                    sock = None
    
        if err is not None:
>           raise err

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py:95: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

address = ('localhost', 8123), timeout = None, source_address = None
socket_options = [(6, 1, 1)]

    def create_connection(
        address,
        timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
        source_address=None,
        socket_options=None,
    ):
        """Connect to *address* and return the socket object.
    
        Convenience function.  Connect to *address* (a 2-tuple ``(host,
        port)``) and return the socket object.  Passing the optional
        *timeout* parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance
        before attempting to connect.  If no *timeout* is supplied, the
        global default timeout setting returned by :func:`socket.getdefaulttimeout`
        is used.  If *source_address* is set it must be a tuple of (host, port)
        for the socket to bind as a source address before making the connection.
        An host of '' or port 0 tells the OS to use the default.
        """
    
        host, port = address
        if host.startswith("["):
            host = host.strip("[]")
        err = None
    
        # Using the value from allowed_gai_family() in the context of getaddrinfo lets
        # us select whether to work with IPv4 DNS records, IPv6 records, or both.
        # The original create_connection function always returns all records.
        family = allowed_gai_family()
    
        try:
            host.encode("idna")
        except UnicodeError:
            return six.raise_from(
                LocationParseError(u"'%s', label empty or too long" % host), None
            )
    
        for res in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
            af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
            sock = None
            try:
                sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
    
                # If provided, set socket level options before connecting.
                _set_socket_options(sock, socket_options)
    
                if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
                    sock.settimeout(timeout)
                if source_address:
                    sock.bind(source_address)
>               sock.connect(sa)
E               ConnectionRefusedError: [Errno 111] Connection refused

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py:85: ConnectionRefusedError

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

self = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa00941b390>
method = 'POST', url = '/register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/'
body = 'username=platypush&password=test&confirm_password=test'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '54', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
retries = Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=False, redirect=None, status=None)
redirect = False, assert_same_host = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), pool_timeout = None
release_conn = False, chunked = False, body_pos = None
response_kw = {'decode_content': False, 'preload_content': False}
parsed_url = Url(scheme=None, auth=None, host=None, port=None, path='/register', query='redirect=http://localhost:8123/', fragment=None)
destination_scheme = None, conn = None, release_this_conn = True
http_tunnel_required = False, err = None, clean_exit = False

    def urlopen(
        self,
        method,
        url,
        body=None,
        headers=None,
        retries=None,
        redirect=True,
        assert_same_host=True,
        timeout=_Default,
        pool_timeout=None,
        release_conn=None,
        chunked=False,
        body_pos=None,
        **response_kw
    ):
        """
        Get a connection from the pool and perform an HTTP request. This is the
        lowest level call for making a request, so you'll need to specify all
        the raw details.
    
        .. note::
    
           More commonly, it's appropriate to use a convenience method provided
           by :class:`.RequestMethods`, such as :meth:`request`.
    
        .. note::
    
           `release_conn` will only behave as expected if
           `preload_content=False` because we want to make
           `preload_content=False` the default behaviour someday soon without
           breaking backwards compatibility.
    
        :param method:
            HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.)
    
        :param url:
            The URL to perform the request on.
    
        :param body:
            Data to send in the request body, either :class:`str`, :class:`bytes`,
            an iterable of :class:`str`/:class:`bytes`, or a file-like object.
    
        :param headers:
            Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent,
            If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided,
            these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers.
    
        :param retries:
            Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a
            :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` exception.
    
            Pass ``None`` to retry until you receive a response. Pass a
            :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` object for fine-grained control
            over different types of retries.
            Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times,
            but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry.
    
            If ``False``, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised
            immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects,
            the redirect response will be returned.
    
        :type retries: :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry`, False, or an int.
    
        :param redirect:
            If True, automatically handle redirects (status codes 301, 302,
            303, 307, 308). Each redirect counts as a retry. Disabling retries
            will disable redirect, too.
    
        :param assert_same_host:
            If ``True``, will make sure that the host of the pool requests is
            consistent else will raise HostChangedError. When ``False``, you can
            use the pool on an HTTP proxy and request foreign hosts.
    
        :param timeout:
            If specified, overrides the default timeout for this one
            request. It may be a float (in seconds) or an instance of
            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`.
    
        :param pool_timeout:
            If set and the pool is set to block=True, then this method will
            block for ``pool_timeout`` seconds and raise EmptyPoolError if no
            connection is available within the time period.
    
        :param release_conn:
            If False, then the urlopen call will not release the connection
            back into the pool once a response is received (but will release if
            you read the entire contents of the response such as when
            `preload_content=True`). This is useful if you're not preloading
            the response's content immediately. You will need to call
            ``r.release_conn()`` on the response ``r`` to return the connection
            back into the pool. If None, it takes the value of
            ``response_kw.get('preload_content', True)``.
    
        :param chunked:
            If True, urllib3 will send the body using chunked transfer
            encoding. Otherwise, urllib3 will send the body using the standard
            content-length form. Defaults to False.
    
        :param int body_pos:
            Position to seek to in file-like body in the event of a retry or
            redirect. Typically this won't need to be set because urllib3 will
            auto-populate the value when needed.
    
        :param \\**response_kw:
            Additional parameters are passed to
            :meth:`urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.from_httplib`
        """
    
        parsed_url = parse_url(url)
        destination_scheme = parsed_url.scheme
    
        if headers is None:
            headers = self.headers
    
        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
    
        if release_conn is None:
            release_conn = response_kw.get("preload_content", True)
    
        # Check host
        if assert_same_host and not self.is_same_host(url):
            raise HostChangedError(self, url, retries)
    
        # Ensure that the URL we're connecting to is properly encoded
        if url.startswith("/"):
            url = six.ensure_str(_encode_target(url))
        else:
            url = six.ensure_str(parsed_url.url)
    
        conn = None
    
        # Track whether `conn` needs to be released before
        # returning/raising/recursing. Update this variable if necessary, and
        # leave `release_conn` constant throughout the function. That way, if
        # the function recurses, the original value of `release_conn` will be
        # passed down into the recursive call, and its value will be respected.
        #
        # See issue #651 [1] for details.
        #
        # [1] <https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/651>
        release_this_conn = release_conn
    
        http_tunnel_required = connection_requires_http_tunnel(
            self.proxy, self.proxy_config, destination_scheme
        )
    
        # Merge the proxy headers. Only done when not using HTTP CONNECT. We
        # have to copy the headers dict so we can safely change it without those
        # changes being reflected in anyone else's copy.
        if not http_tunnel_required:
            headers = headers.copy()
            headers.update(self.proxy_headers)
    
        # Must keep the exception bound to a separate variable or else Python 3
        # complains about UnboundLocalError.
        err = None
    
        # Keep track of whether we cleanly exited the except block. This
        # ensures we do proper cleanup in finally.
        clean_exit = False
    
        # Rewind body position, if needed. Record current position
        # for future rewinds in the event of a redirect/retry.
        body_pos = set_file_position(body, body_pos)
    
        try:
            # Request a connection from the queue.
            timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
            conn = self._get_conn(timeout=pool_timeout)
    
            conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
    
            is_new_proxy_conn = self.proxy is not None and not getattr(
                conn, "sock", None
            )
            if is_new_proxy_conn and http_tunnel_required:
                self._prepare_proxy(conn)
    
            # Make the request on the httplib connection object.
>           httplib_response = self._make_request(
                conn,
                method,
                url,
                timeout=timeout_obj,
                body=body,
                headers=headers,
                chunked=chunked,
            )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:703: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa00941b390>
conn = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>
method = 'POST', url = '/register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/'
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), chunked = False
httplib_request_kw = {'body': 'username=platypush&password=test&confirm_password=test', 'headers': {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2',...cept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '54', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}}
timeout_obj = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None)

    def _make_request(
        self, conn, method, url, timeout=_Default, chunked=False, **httplib_request_kw
    ):
        """
        Perform a request on a given urllib connection object taken from our
        pool.
    
        :param conn:
            a connection from one of our connection pools
    
        :param timeout:
            Socket timeout in seconds for the request. This can be a
            float or integer, which will set the same timeout value for
            the socket connect and the socket read, or an instance of
            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`, which gives you more fine-grained
            control over your timeouts.
        """
        self.num_requests += 1
    
        timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
        timeout_obj.start_connect()
        conn.timeout = Timeout.resolve_default_timeout(timeout_obj.connect_timeout)
    
        # Trigger any extra validation we need to do.
        try:
            self._validate_conn(conn)
        except (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError) as e:
            # Py2 raises this as a BaseSSLError, Py3 raises it as socket timeout.
            self._raise_timeout(err=e, url=url, timeout_value=conn.timeout)
            raise
    
        # conn.request() calls http.client.*.request, not the method in
        # urllib3.request. It also calls makefile (recv) on the socket.
        try:
            if chunked:
                conn.request_chunked(method, url, **httplib_request_kw)
            else:
>               conn.request(method, url, **httplib_request_kw)

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:398: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>
method = 'POST', url = '/register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/'
body = 'username=platypush&password=test&confirm_password=test'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '54', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}

    def request(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None):
        # Update the inner socket's timeout value to send the request.
        # This only triggers if the connection is re-used.
        if getattr(self, "sock", None) is not None:
            self.sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
    
        if headers is None:
            headers = {}
        else:
            # Avoid modifying the headers passed into .request()
            headers = headers.copy()
        if "user-agent" not in (six.ensure_str(k.lower()) for k in headers):
            headers["User-Agent"] = _get_default_user_agent()
>       super(HTTPConnection, self).request(method, url, body=body, headers=headers)

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:244: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>
method = 'POST', url = '/register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/'
body = 'username=platypush&password=test&confirm_password=test'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '54', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}

    def request(self, method, url, body=None, headers={}, *,
                encode_chunked=False):
        """Send a complete request to the server."""
>       self._send_request(method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1283: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>
method = 'POST', url = '/register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/'
body = b'username=platypush&password=test&confirm_password=test'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '54', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
encode_chunked = False

    def _send_request(self, method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked):
        # Honor explicitly requested Host: and Accept-Encoding: headers.
        header_names = frozenset(k.lower() for k in headers)
        skips = {}
        if 'host' in header_names:
            skips['skip_host'] = 1
        if 'accept-encoding' in header_names:
            skips['skip_accept_encoding'] = 1
    
        self.putrequest(method, url, **skips)
    
        # chunked encoding will happen if HTTP/1.1 is used and either
        # the caller passes encode_chunked=True or the following
        # conditions hold:
        # 1. content-length has not been explicitly set
        # 2. the body is a file or iterable, but not a str or bytes-like
        # 3. Transfer-Encoding has NOT been explicitly set by the caller
    
        if 'content-length' not in header_names:
            # only chunk body if not explicitly set for backwards
            # compatibility, assuming the client code is already handling the
            # chunking
            if 'transfer-encoding' not in header_names:
                # if content-length cannot be automatically determined, fall
                # back to chunked encoding
                encode_chunked = False
                content_length = self._get_content_length(body, method)
                if content_length is None:
                    if body is not None:
                        if self.debuglevel > 0:
                            print('Unable to determine size of %r' % body)
                        encode_chunked = True
                        self.putheader('Transfer-Encoding', 'chunked')
                else:
                    self.putheader('Content-Length', str(content_length))
        else:
            encode_chunked = False
    
        for hdr, value in headers.items():
            self.putheader(hdr, value)
        if isinstance(body, str):
            # RFC 2616 Section 3.7.1 says that text default has a
            # default charset of iso-8859-1.
            body = _encode(body, 'body')
>       self.endheaders(body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1329: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>
message_body = b'username=platypush&password=test&confirm_password=test'

    def endheaders(self, message_body=None, *, encode_chunked=False):
        """Indicate that the last header line has been sent to the server.
    
        This method sends the request to the server.  The optional message_body
        argument can be used to pass a message body associated with the
        request.
        """
        if self.__state == _CS_REQ_STARTED:
            self.__state = _CS_REQ_SENT
        else:
            raise CannotSendHeader()
>       self._send_output(message_body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1278: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>
message_body = b'username=platypush&password=test&confirm_password=test'
encode_chunked = False

    def _send_output(self, message_body=None, encode_chunked=False):
        """Send the currently buffered request and clear the buffer.
    
        Appends an extra \\r\\n to the buffer.
        A message_body may be specified, to be appended to the request.
        """
        self._buffer.extend((b"", b""))
        msg = b"\r\n".join(self._buffer)
        del self._buffer[:]
>       self.send(msg)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1038: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>
data = b'POST /register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/ HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: localhost:8123\r\nUser-Agent: python-requests/2.28....Accept: */*\r\nConnection: keep-alive\r\nContent-Length: 54\r\nContent-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\n\r\n'

    def send(self, data):
        """Send `data' to the server.
        ``data`` can be a string object, a bytes object, an array object, a
        file-like object that supports a .read() method, or an iterable object.
        """
    
        if self.sock is None:
            if self.auto_open:
>               self.connect()

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:976: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>

    def connect(self):
>       conn = self._new_conn()

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:205: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>

    def _new_conn(self):
        """Establish a socket connection and set nodelay settings on it.
    
        :return: New socket connection.
        """
        extra_kw = {}
        if self.source_address:
            extra_kw["source_address"] = self.source_address
    
        if self.socket_options:
            extra_kw["socket_options"] = self.socket_options
    
        try:
            conn = connection.create_connection(
                (self._dns_host, self.port), self.timeout, **extra_kw
            )
    
        except SocketTimeout:
            raise ConnectTimeoutError(
                self,
                "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)"
                % (self.host, self.timeout),
            )
    
        except SocketError as e:
>           raise NewConnectionError(
                self, "Failed to establish a new connection: %s" % e
            )
E           urllib3.exceptions.NewConnectionError: <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:186: NewConnectionError

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

self = <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter object at 0x7fa009419110>
request = <PreparedRequest [POST]>, stream = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), verify = True
cert = None, proxies = OrderedDict()

    def send(
        self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None
    ):
        """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
    
        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
        :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
        :type timeout: float or tuple or urllib3 Timeout object
        :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether
            we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it
            must be a path to a CA bundle to use
        :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
        :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
        :rtype: requests.Response
        """
    
        try:
            conn = self.get_connection(request.url, proxies)
        except LocationValueError as e:
            raise InvalidURL(e, request=request)
    
        self.cert_verify(conn, request.url, verify, cert)
        url = self.request_url(request, proxies)
        self.add_headers(
            request,
            stream=stream,
            timeout=timeout,
            verify=verify,
            cert=cert,
            proxies=proxies,
        )
    
        chunked = not (request.body is None or "Content-Length" in request.headers)
    
        if isinstance(timeout, tuple):
            try:
                connect, read = timeout
                timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read)
            except ValueError:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Invalid timeout {timeout}. Pass a (connect, read) timeout tuple, "
                    f"or a single float to set both timeouts to the same value."
                )
        elif isinstance(timeout, TimeoutSauce):
            pass
        else:
            timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout)
    
        try:
            if not chunked:
>               resp = conn.urlopen(
                    method=request.method,
                    url=url,
                    body=request.body,
                    headers=request.headers,
                    redirect=False,
                    assert_same_host=False,
                    preload_content=False,
                    decode_content=False,
                    retries=self.max_retries,
                    timeout=timeout,
                )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/adapters.py:489: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa00941b390>
method = 'POST', url = '/register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/'
body = 'username=platypush&password=test&confirm_password=test'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '54', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
retries = Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=False, redirect=None, status=None)
redirect = False, assert_same_host = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), pool_timeout = None
release_conn = False, chunked = False, body_pos = None
response_kw = {'decode_content': False, 'preload_content': False}
parsed_url = Url(scheme=None, auth=None, host=None, port=None, path='/register', query='redirect=http://localhost:8123/', fragment=None)
destination_scheme = None, conn = None, release_this_conn = True
http_tunnel_required = False, err = None, clean_exit = False

    def urlopen(
        self,
        method,
        url,
        body=None,
        headers=None,
        retries=None,
        redirect=True,
        assert_same_host=True,
        timeout=_Default,
        pool_timeout=None,
        release_conn=None,
        chunked=False,
        body_pos=None,
        **response_kw
    ):
        """
        Get a connection from the pool and perform an HTTP request. This is the
        lowest level call for making a request, so you'll need to specify all
        the raw details.
    
        .. note::
    
           More commonly, it's appropriate to use a convenience method provided
           by :class:`.RequestMethods`, such as :meth:`request`.
    
        .. note::
    
           `release_conn` will only behave as expected if
           `preload_content=False` because we want to make
           `preload_content=False` the default behaviour someday soon without
           breaking backwards compatibility.
    
        :param method:
            HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.)
    
        :param url:
            The URL to perform the request on.
    
        :param body:
            Data to send in the request body, either :class:`str`, :class:`bytes`,
            an iterable of :class:`str`/:class:`bytes`, or a file-like object.
    
        :param headers:
            Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent,
            If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided,
            these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers.
    
        :param retries:
            Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a
            :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` exception.
    
            Pass ``None`` to retry until you receive a response. Pass a
            :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` object for fine-grained control
            over different types of retries.
            Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times,
            but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry.
    
            If ``False``, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised
            immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects,
            the redirect response will be returned.
    
        :type retries: :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry`, False, or an int.
    
        :param redirect:
            If True, automatically handle redirects (status codes 301, 302,
            303, 307, 308). Each redirect counts as a retry. Disabling retries
            will disable redirect, too.
    
        :param assert_same_host:
            If ``True``, will make sure that the host of the pool requests is
            consistent else will raise HostChangedError. When ``False``, you can
            use the pool on an HTTP proxy and request foreign hosts.
    
        :param timeout:
            If specified, overrides the default timeout for this one
            request. It may be a float (in seconds) or an instance of
            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`.
    
        :param pool_timeout:
            If set and the pool is set to block=True, then this method will
            block for ``pool_timeout`` seconds and raise EmptyPoolError if no
            connection is available within the time period.
    
        :param release_conn:
            If False, then the urlopen call will not release the connection
            back into the pool once a response is received (but will release if
            you read the entire contents of the response such as when
            `preload_content=True`). This is useful if you're not preloading
            the response's content immediately. You will need to call
            ``r.release_conn()`` on the response ``r`` to return the connection
            back into the pool. If None, it takes the value of
            ``response_kw.get('preload_content', True)``.
    
        :param chunked:
            If True, urllib3 will send the body using chunked transfer
            encoding. Otherwise, urllib3 will send the body using the standard
            content-length form. Defaults to False.
    
        :param int body_pos:
            Position to seek to in file-like body in the event of a retry or
            redirect. Typically this won't need to be set because urllib3 will
            auto-populate the value when needed.
    
        :param \\**response_kw:
            Additional parameters are passed to
            :meth:`urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.from_httplib`
        """
    
        parsed_url = parse_url(url)
        destination_scheme = parsed_url.scheme
    
        if headers is None:
            headers = self.headers
    
        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
    
        if release_conn is None:
            release_conn = response_kw.get("preload_content", True)
    
        # Check host
        if assert_same_host and not self.is_same_host(url):
            raise HostChangedError(self, url, retries)
    
        # Ensure that the URL we're connecting to is properly encoded
        if url.startswith("/"):
            url = six.ensure_str(_encode_target(url))
        else:
            url = six.ensure_str(parsed_url.url)
    
        conn = None
    
        # Track whether `conn` needs to be released before
        # returning/raising/recursing. Update this variable if necessary, and
        # leave `release_conn` constant throughout the function. That way, if
        # the function recurses, the original value of `release_conn` will be
        # passed down into the recursive call, and its value will be respected.
        #
        # See issue #651 [1] for details.
        #
        # [1] <https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/651>
        release_this_conn = release_conn
    
        http_tunnel_required = connection_requires_http_tunnel(
            self.proxy, self.proxy_config, destination_scheme
        )
    
        # Merge the proxy headers. Only done when not using HTTP CONNECT. We
        # have to copy the headers dict so we can safely change it without those
        # changes being reflected in anyone else's copy.
        if not http_tunnel_required:
            headers = headers.copy()
            headers.update(self.proxy_headers)
    
        # Must keep the exception bound to a separate variable or else Python 3
        # complains about UnboundLocalError.
        err = None
    
        # Keep track of whether we cleanly exited the except block. This
        # ensures we do proper cleanup in finally.
        clean_exit = False
    
        # Rewind body position, if needed. Record current position
        # for future rewinds in the event of a redirect/retry.
        body_pos = set_file_position(body, body_pos)
    
        try:
            # Request a connection from the queue.
            timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
            conn = self._get_conn(timeout=pool_timeout)
    
            conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
    
            is_new_proxy_conn = self.proxy is not None and not getattr(
                conn, "sock", None
            )
            if is_new_proxy_conn and http_tunnel_required:
                self._prepare_proxy(conn)
    
            # Make the request on the httplib connection object.
            httplib_response = self._make_request(
                conn,
                method,
                url,
                timeout=timeout_obj,
                body=body,
                headers=headers,
                chunked=chunked,
            )
    
            # If we're going to release the connection in ``finally:``, then
            # the response doesn't need to know about the connection. Otherwise
            # it will also try to release it and we'll have a double-release
            # mess.
            response_conn = conn if not release_conn else None
    
            # Pass method to Response for length checking
            response_kw["request_method"] = method
    
            # Import httplib's response into our own wrapper object
            response = self.ResponseCls.from_httplib(
                httplib_response,
                pool=self,
                connection=response_conn,
                retries=retries,
                **response_kw
            )
    
            # Everything went great!
            clean_exit = True
    
        except EmptyPoolError:
            # Didn't get a connection from the pool, no need to clean up
            clean_exit = True
            release_this_conn = False
            raise
    
        except (
            TimeoutError,
            HTTPException,
            SocketError,
            ProtocolError,
            BaseSSLError,
            SSLError,
            CertificateError,
        ) as e:
            # Discard the connection for these exceptions. It will be
            # replaced during the next _get_conn() call.
            clean_exit = False
    
            def _is_ssl_error_message_from_http_proxy(ssl_error):
                # We're trying to detect the message 'WRONG_VERSION_NUMBER' but
                # SSLErrors are kinda all over the place when it comes to the message,
                # so we try to cover our bases here!
                message = " ".join(re.split("[^a-z]", str(ssl_error).lower()))
                return (
                    "wrong version number" in message or "unknown protocol" in message
                )
    
            # Try to detect a common user error with proxies which is to
            # set an HTTP proxy to be HTTPS when it should be 'http://'
            # (ie {'http': 'http://proxy', 'https': 'https://proxy'})
            # Instead we add a nice error message and point to a URL.
            if (
                isinstance(e, BaseSSLError)
                and self.proxy
                and _is_ssl_error_message_from_http_proxy(e)
                and conn.proxy
                and conn.proxy.scheme == "https"
            ):
                e = ProxyError(
                    "Your proxy appears to only use HTTP and not HTTPS, "
                    "try changing your proxy URL to be HTTP. See: "
                    "https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/1.26.x/advanced-usage.html"
                    "#https-proxy-error-http-proxy",
                    SSLError(e),
                )
            elif isinstance(e, (BaseSSLError, CertificateError)):
                e = SSLError(e)
            elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, NewConnectionError)) and self.proxy:
                e = ProxyError("Cannot connect to proxy.", e)
            elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, HTTPException)):
                e = ProtocolError("Connection aborted.", e)
    
>           retries = retries.increment(
                method, url, error=e, _pool=self, _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2]
            )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:787: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=False, redirect=None, status=None)
method = 'POST', url = '/register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/'
response = None
error = NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused')
_pool = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa00941b390>
_stacktrace = <traceback object at 0x7fa00992bcc0>

    def increment(
        self,
        method=None,
        url=None,
        response=None,
        error=None,
        _pool=None,
        _stacktrace=None,
    ):
        """Return a new Retry object with incremented retry counters.
    
        :param response: A response object, or None, if the server did not
            return a response.
        :type response: :class:`~urllib3.response.HTTPResponse`
        :param Exception error: An error encountered during the request, or
            None if the response was received successfully.
    
        :return: A new ``Retry`` object.
        """
        if self.total is False and error:
            # Disabled, indicate to re-raise the error.
            raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
    
        total = self.total
        if total is not None:
            total -= 1
    
        connect = self.connect
        read = self.read
        redirect = self.redirect
        status_count = self.status
        other = self.other
        cause = "unknown"
        status = None
        redirect_location = None
    
        if error and self._is_connection_error(error):
            # Connect retry?
            if connect is False:
                raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
            elif connect is not None:
                connect -= 1
    
        elif error and self._is_read_error(error):
            # Read retry?
            if read is False or not self._is_method_retryable(method):
                raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
            elif read is not None:
                read -= 1
    
        elif error:
            # Other retry?
            if other is not None:
                other -= 1
    
        elif response and response.get_redirect_location():
            # Redirect retry?
            if redirect is not None:
                redirect -= 1
            cause = "too many redirects"
            redirect_location = response.get_redirect_location()
            status = response.status
    
        else:
            # Incrementing because of a server error like a 500 in
            # status_forcelist and the given method is in the allowed_methods
            cause = ResponseError.GENERIC_ERROR
            if response and response.status:
                if status_count is not None:
                    status_count -= 1
                cause = ResponseError.SPECIFIC_ERROR.format(status_code=response.status)
                status = response.status
    
        history = self.history + (
            RequestHistory(method, url, error, status, redirect_location),
        )
    
        new_retry = self.new(
            total=total,
            connect=connect,
            read=read,
            redirect=redirect,
            status=status_count,
            other=other,
            history=history,
        )
    
        if new_retry.is_exhausted():
>           raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, error or ResponseError(cause))
E           urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError: HTTPConnectionPool(host='localhost', port=8123): Max retries exceeded with url: /register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/ (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused'))

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/util/retry.py:592: MaxRetryError

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

_ = ()

    @pytest.fixture(scope='module', autouse=True)
    def user(*_):
>       register_user()

tests/test_procedure.py:15: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 
tests/utils.py:87: in register_user
    response = requests.post(
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/api.py:115: in post
    return request("post", url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/api.py:59: in request
    return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/sessions.py:587: in request
    resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/sessions.py:701: in send
    r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter object at 0x7fa009419110>
request = <PreparedRequest [POST]>, stream = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), verify = True
cert = None, proxies = OrderedDict()

    def send(
        self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None
    ):
        """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
    
        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
        :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
        :type timeout: float or tuple or urllib3 Timeout object
        :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether
            we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it
            must be a path to a CA bundle to use
        :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
        :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
        :rtype: requests.Response
        """
    
        try:
            conn = self.get_connection(request.url, proxies)
        except LocationValueError as e:
            raise InvalidURL(e, request=request)
    
        self.cert_verify(conn, request.url, verify, cert)
        url = self.request_url(request, proxies)
        self.add_headers(
            request,
            stream=stream,
            timeout=timeout,
            verify=verify,
            cert=cert,
            proxies=proxies,
        )
    
        chunked = not (request.body is None or "Content-Length" in request.headers)
    
        if isinstance(timeout, tuple):
            try:
                connect, read = timeout
                timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read)
            except ValueError:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Invalid timeout {timeout}. Pass a (connect, read) timeout tuple, "
                    f"or a single float to set both timeouts to the same value."
                )
        elif isinstance(timeout, TimeoutSauce):
            pass
        else:
            timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout)
    
        try:
            if not chunked:
                resp = conn.urlopen(
                    method=request.method,
                    url=url,
                    body=request.body,
                    headers=request.headers,
                    redirect=False,
                    assert_same_host=False,
                    preload_content=False,
                    decode_content=False,
                    retries=self.max_retries,
                    timeout=timeout,
                )
    
            # Send the request.
            else:
                if hasattr(conn, "proxy_pool"):
                    conn = conn.proxy_pool
    
                low_conn = conn._get_conn(timeout=DEFAULT_POOL_TIMEOUT)
    
                try:
                    skip_host = "Host" in request.headers
                    low_conn.putrequest(
                        request.method,
                        url,
                        skip_accept_encoding=True,
                        skip_host=skip_host,
                    )
    
                    for header, value in request.headers.items():
                        low_conn.putheader(header, value)
    
                    low_conn.endheaders()
    
                    for i in request.body:
                        low_conn.send(hex(len(i))[2:].encode("utf-8"))
                        low_conn.send(b"\r\n")
                        low_conn.send(i)
                        low_conn.send(b"\r\n")
                    low_conn.send(b"0\r\n\r\n")
    
                    # Receive the response from the server
                    r = low_conn.getresponse()
    
                    resp = HTTPResponse.from_httplib(
                        r,
                        pool=conn,
                        connection=low_conn,
                        preload_content=False,
                        decode_content=False,
                    )
                except Exception:
                    # If we hit any problems here, clean up the connection.
                    # Then, raise so that we can handle the actual exception.
                    low_conn.close()
                    raise
    
        except (ProtocolError, OSError) as err:
            raise ConnectionError(err, request=request)
    
        except MaxRetryError as e:
            if isinstance(e.reason, ConnectTimeoutError):
                # TODO: Remove this in 3.0.0: see #2811
                if not isinstance(e.reason, NewConnectionError):
                    raise ConnectTimeout(e, request=request)
    
            if isinstance(e.reason, ResponseError):
                raise RetryError(e, request=request)
    
            if isinstance(e.reason, _ProxyError):
                raise ProxyError(e, request=request)
    
            if isinstance(e.reason, _SSLError):
                # This branch is for urllib3 v1.22 and later.
                raise SSLError(e, request=request)
    
>           raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
E           requests.exceptions.ConnectionError: HTTPConnectionPool(host='localhost', port=8123): Max retries exceeded with url: /register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/ (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa0094180d0>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused'))

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/adapters.py:565: ConnectionError
=================================== FAILURES ===================================
_____________________________ test_cron_execution ______________________________

    def test_cron_execution():
        """
        Test that the cronjob in ``../etc/scripts/test_cron.py`` runs successfully.
        """
>       _test_cron_queue('cron_test')

tests/test_cron.py:25: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

expected_msg = 'cron_test'

    def _test_cron_queue(expected_msg: str):
        msg = None
        test_start = time.time()
        while time.time() - test_start <= test_timeout and msg != expected_msg:
            try:
                msg = cron_queue.get(block=True, timeout=test_timeout)
            except queue.Empty:
                break
    
>       assert msg == expected_msg, 'The expected cronjob has not been executed'
E       AssertionError: The expected cronjob has not been executed
E       assert None == 'cron_test'

tests/test_cron.py:18: AssertionError
---------------------------- Captured stdout setup -----------------------------
INFO:root:Starting Platypush test service
INFO:root:Sleeping 5 seconds while waiting for the daemon to start up
INFO:platypush:---- Starting platypush v.0.24.5
------------------------------ Captured log setup ------------------------------
INFO     root:conftest.py:31 Starting Platypush test service
INFO     root:conftest.py:36 Sleeping 5 seconds while waiting for the daemon to start up
INFO     platypush:__init__.py:258 ---- Starting platypush v.0.24.5
____________________ test_request_with_no_registered_users _____________________

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009a959d0>

    def _new_conn(self):
        """Establish a socket connection and set nodelay settings on it.
    
        :return: New socket connection.
        """
        extra_kw = {}
        if self.source_address:
            extra_kw["source_address"] = self.source_address
    
        if self.socket_options:
            extra_kw["socket_options"] = self.socket_options
    
        try:
>           conn = connection.create_connection(
                (self._dns_host, self.port), self.timeout, **extra_kw
            )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:174: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

address = ('localhost', 8123), timeout = None, source_address = None
socket_options = [(6, 1, 1)]

    def create_connection(
        address,
        timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
        source_address=None,
        socket_options=None,
    ):
        """Connect to *address* and return the socket object.
    
        Convenience function.  Connect to *address* (a 2-tuple ``(host,
        port)``) and return the socket object.  Passing the optional
        *timeout* parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance
        before attempting to connect.  If no *timeout* is supplied, the
        global default timeout setting returned by :func:`socket.getdefaulttimeout`
        is used.  If *source_address* is set it must be a tuple of (host, port)
        for the socket to bind as a source address before making the connection.
        An host of '' or port 0 tells the OS to use the default.
        """
    
        host, port = address
        if host.startswith("["):
            host = host.strip("[]")
        err = None
    
        # Using the value from allowed_gai_family() in the context of getaddrinfo lets
        # us select whether to work with IPv4 DNS records, IPv6 records, or both.
        # The original create_connection function always returns all records.
        family = allowed_gai_family()
    
        try:
            host.encode("idna")
        except UnicodeError:
            return six.raise_from(
                LocationParseError(u"'%s', label empty or too long" % host), None
            )
    
        for res in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
            af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
            sock = None
            try:
                sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
    
                # If provided, set socket level options before connecting.
                _set_socket_options(sock, socket_options)
    
                if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
                    sock.settimeout(timeout)
                if source_address:
                    sock.bind(source_address)
                sock.connect(sa)
                return sock
    
            except socket.error as e:
                err = e
                if sock is not None:
                    sock.close()
                    sock = None
    
        if err is not None:
>           raise err

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py:95: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

address = ('localhost', 8123), timeout = None, source_address = None
socket_options = [(6, 1, 1)]

    def create_connection(
        address,
        timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
        source_address=None,
        socket_options=None,
    ):
        """Connect to *address* and return the socket object.
    
        Convenience function.  Connect to *address* (a 2-tuple ``(host,
        port)``) and return the socket object.  Passing the optional
        *timeout* parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance
        before attempting to connect.  If no *timeout* is supplied, the
        global default timeout setting returned by :func:`socket.getdefaulttimeout`
        is used.  If *source_address* is set it must be a tuple of (host, port)
        for the socket to bind as a source address before making the connection.
        An host of '' or port 0 tells the OS to use the default.
        """
    
        host, port = address
        if host.startswith("["):
            host = host.strip("[]")
        err = None
    
        # Using the value from allowed_gai_family() in the context of getaddrinfo lets
        # us select whether to work with IPv4 DNS records, IPv6 records, or both.
        # The original create_connection function always returns all records.
        family = allowed_gai_family()
    
        try:
            host.encode("idna")
        except UnicodeError:
            return six.raise_from(
                LocationParseError(u"'%s', label empty or too long" % host), None
            )
    
        for res in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
            af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
            sock = None
            try:
                sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
    
                # If provided, set socket level options before connecting.
                _set_socket_options(sock, socket_options)
    
                if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
                    sock.settimeout(timeout)
                if source_address:
                    sock.bind(source_address)
>               sock.connect(sa)
E               ConnectionRefusedError: [Errno 111] Connection refused

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py:85: ConnectionRefusedError

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

self = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa00beea390>
method = 'POST', url = '/execute'
body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '73', 'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
retries = Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=False, redirect=None, status=None)
redirect = False, assert_same_host = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), pool_timeout = None
release_conn = False, chunked = False, body_pos = None
response_kw = {'decode_content': False, 'preload_content': False}
parsed_url = Url(scheme=None, auth=None, host=None, port=None, path='/execute', query=None, fragment=None)
destination_scheme = None, conn = None, release_this_conn = True
http_tunnel_required = False, err = None, clean_exit = False

    def urlopen(
        self,
        method,
        url,
        body=None,
        headers=None,
        retries=None,
        redirect=True,
        assert_same_host=True,
        timeout=_Default,
        pool_timeout=None,
        release_conn=None,
        chunked=False,
        body_pos=None,
        **response_kw
    ):
        """
        Get a connection from the pool and perform an HTTP request. This is the
        lowest level call for making a request, so you'll need to specify all
        the raw details.
    
        .. note::
    
           More commonly, it's appropriate to use a convenience method provided
           by :class:`.RequestMethods`, such as :meth:`request`.
    
        .. note::
    
           `release_conn` will only behave as expected if
           `preload_content=False` because we want to make
           `preload_content=False` the default behaviour someday soon without
           breaking backwards compatibility.
    
        :param method:
            HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.)
    
        :param url:
            The URL to perform the request on.
    
        :param body:
            Data to send in the request body, either :class:`str`, :class:`bytes`,
            an iterable of :class:`str`/:class:`bytes`, or a file-like object.
    
        :param headers:
            Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent,
            If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided,
            these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers.
    
        :param retries:
            Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a
            :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` exception.
    
            Pass ``None`` to retry until you receive a response. Pass a
            :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` object for fine-grained control
            over different types of retries.
            Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times,
            but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry.
    
            If ``False``, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised
            immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects,
            the redirect response will be returned.
    
        :type retries: :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry`, False, or an int.
    
        :param redirect:
            If True, automatically handle redirects (status codes 301, 302,
            303, 307, 308). Each redirect counts as a retry. Disabling retries
            will disable redirect, too.
    
        :param assert_same_host:
            If ``True``, will make sure that the host of the pool requests is
            consistent else will raise HostChangedError. When ``False``, you can
            use the pool on an HTTP proxy and request foreign hosts.
    
        :param timeout:
            If specified, overrides the default timeout for this one
            request. It may be a float (in seconds) or an instance of
            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`.
    
        :param pool_timeout:
            If set and the pool is set to block=True, then this method will
            block for ``pool_timeout`` seconds and raise EmptyPoolError if no
            connection is available within the time period.
    
        :param release_conn:
            If False, then the urlopen call will not release the connection
            back into the pool once a response is received (but will release if
            you read the entire contents of the response such as when
            `preload_content=True`). This is useful if you're not preloading
            the response's content immediately. You will need to call
            ``r.release_conn()`` on the response ``r`` to return the connection
            back into the pool. If None, it takes the value of
            ``response_kw.get('preload_content', True)``.
    
        :param chunked:
            If True, urllib3 will send the body using chunked transfer
            encoding. Otherwise, urllib3 will send the body using the standard
            content-length form. Defaults to False.
    
        :param int body_pos:
            Position to seek to in file-like body in the event of a retry or
            redirect. Typically this won't need to be set because urllib3 will
            auto-populate the value when needed.
    
        :param \\**response_kw:
            Additional parameters are passed to
            :meth:`urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.from_httplib`
        """
    
        parsed_url = parse_url(url)
        destination_scheme = parsed_url.scheme
    
        if headers is None:
            headers = self.headers
    
        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
    
        if release_conn is None:
            release_conn = response_kw.get("preload_content", True)
    
        # Check host
        if assert_same_host and not self.is_same_host(url):
            raise HostChangedError(self, url, retries)
    
        # Ensure that the URL we're connecting to is properly encoded
        if url.startswith("/"):
            url = six.ensure_str(_encode_target(url))
        else:
            url = six.ensure_str(parsed_url.url)
    
        conn = None
    
        # Track whether `conn` needs to be released before
        # returning/raising/recursing. Update this variable if necessary, and
        # leave `release_conn` constant throughout the function. That way, if
        # the function recurses, the original value of `release_conn` will be
        # passed down into the recursive call, and its value will be respected.
        #
        # See issue #651 [1] for details.
        #
        # [1] <https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/651>
        release_this_conn = release_conn
    
        http_tunnel_required = connection_requires_http_tunnel(
            self.proxy, self.proxy_config, destination_scheme
        )
    
        # Merge the proxy headers. Only done when not using HTTP CONNECT. We
        # have to copy the headers dict so we can safely change it without those
        # changes being reflected in anyone else's copy.
        if not http_tunnel_required:
            headers = headers.copy()
            headers.update(self.proxy_headers)
    
        # Must keep the exception bound to a separate variable or else Python 3
        # complains about UnboundLocalError.
        err = None
    
        # Keep track of whether we cleanly exited the except block. This
        # ensures we do proper cleanup in finally.
        clean_exit = False
    
        # Rewind body position, if needed. Record current position
        # for future rewinds in the event of a redirect/retry.
        body_pos = set_file_position(body, body_pos)
    
        try:
            # Request a connection from the queue.
            timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
            conn = self._get_conn(timeout=pool_timeout)
    
            conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
    
            is_new_proxy_conn = self.proxy is not None and not getattr(
                conn, "sock", None
            )
            if is_new_proxy_conn and http_tunnel_required:
                self._prepare_proxy(conn)
    
            # Make the request on the httplib connection object.
>           httplib_response = self._make_request(
                conn,
                method,
                url,
                timeout=timeout_obj,
                body=body,
                headers=headers,
                chunked=chunked,
            )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:703: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa00beea390>
conn = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009a959d0>
method = 'POST', url = '/execute'
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), chunked = False
httplib_request_kw = {'body': b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}', 'headers': {'User-Agent': 'pyth...ip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '73', 'Content-Type': 'application/json'}}
timeout_obj = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None)

    def _make_request(
        self, conn, method, url, timeout=_Default, chunked=False, **httplib_request_kw
    ):
        """
        Perform a request on a given urllib connection object taken from our
        pool.
    
        :param conn:
            a connection from one of our connection pools
    
        :param timeout:
            Socket timeout in seconds for the request. This can be a
            float or integer, which will set the same timeout value for
            the socket connect and the socket read, or an instance of
            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`, which gives you more fine-grained
            control over your timeouts.
        """
        self.num_requests += 1
    
        timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
        timeout_obj.start_connect()
        conn.timeout = Timeout.resolve_default_timeout(timeout_obj.connect_timeout)
    
        # Trigger any extra validation we need to do.
        try:
            self._validate_conn(conn)
        except (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError) as e:
            # Py2 raises this as a BaseSSLError, Py3 raises it as socket timeout.
            self._raise_timeout(err=e, url=url, timeout_value=conn.timeout)
            raise
    
        # conn.request() calls http.client.*.request, not the method in
        # urllib3.request. It also calls makefile (recv) on the socket.
        try:
            if chunked:
                conn.request_chunked(method, url, **httplib_request_kw)
            else:
>               conn.request(method, url, **httplib_request_kw)

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:398: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009a959d0>
method = 'POST', url = '/execute'
body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '73', 'Content-Type': 'application/json'}

    def request(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None):
        # Update the inner socket's timeout value to send the request.
        # This only triggers if the connection is re-used.
        if getattr(self, "sock", None) is not None:
            self.sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
    
        if headers is None:
            headers = {}
        else:
            # Avoid modifying the headers passed into .request()
            headers = headers.copy()
        if "user-agent" not in (six.ensure_str(k.lower()) for k in headers):
            headers["User-Agent"] = _get_default_user_agent()
>       super(HTTPConnection, self).request(method, url, body=body, headers=headers)

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:244: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009a959d0>
method = 'POST', url = '/execute'
body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '73', 'Content-Type': 'application/json'}

    def request(self, method, url, body=None, headers={}, *,
                encode_chunked=False):
        """Send a complete request to the server."""
>       self._send_request(method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1283: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009a959d0>
method = 'POST', url = '/execute'
body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '73', 'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
encode_chunked = False

    def _send_request(self, method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked):
        # Honor explicitly requested Host: and Accept-Encoding: headers.
        header_names = frozenset(k.lower() for k in headers)
        skips = {}
        if 'host' in header_names:
            skips['skip_host'] = 1
        if 'accept-encoding' in header_names:
            skips['skip_accept_encoding'] = 1
    
        self.putrequest(method, url, **skips)
    
        # chunked encoding will happen if HTTP/1.1 is used and either
        # the caller passes encode_chunked=True or the following
        # conditions hold:
        # 1. content-length has not been explicitly set
        # 2. the body is a file or iterable, but not a str or bytes-like
        # 3. Transfer-Encoding has NOT been explicitly set by the caller
    
        if 'content-length' not in header_names:
            # only chunk body if not explicitly set for backwards
            # compatibility, assuming the client code is already handling the
            # chunking
            if 'transfer-encoding' not in header_names:
                # if content-length cannot be automatically determined, fall
                # back to chunked encoding
                encode_chunked = False
                content_length = self._get_content_length(body, method)
                if content_length is None:
                    if body is not None:
                        if self.debuglevel > 0:
                            print('Unable to determine size of %r' % body)
                        encode_chunked = True
                        self.putheader('Transfer-Encoding', 'chunked')
                else:
                    self.putheader('Content-Length', str(content_length))
        else:
            encode_chunked = False
    
        for hdr, value in headers.items():
            self.putheader(hdr, value)
        if isinstance(body, str):
            # RFC 2616 Section 3.7.1 says that text default has a
            # default charset of iso-8859-1.
            body = _encode(body, 'body')
>       self.endheaders(body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1329: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009a959d0>
message_body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'

    def endheaders(self, message_body=None, *, encode_chunked=False):
        """Indicate that the last header line has been sent to the server.
    
        This method sends the request to the server.  The optional message_body
        argument can be used to pass a message body associated with the
        request.
        """
        if self.__state == _CS_REQ_STARTED:
            self.__state = _CS_REQ_SENT
        else:
            raise CannotSendHeader()
>       self._send_output(message_body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1278: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009a959d0>
message_body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'
encode_chunked = False

    def _send_output(self, message_body=None, encode_chunked=False):
        """Send the currently buffered request and clear the buffer.
    
        Appends an extra \\r\\n to the buffer.
        A message_body may be specified, to be appended to the request.
        """
        self._buffer.extend((b"", b""))
        msg = b"\r\n".join(self._buffer)
        del self._buffer[:]
>       self.send(msg)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1038: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009a959d0>
data = b'POST /execute HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: localhost:8123\r\nUser-Agent: python-requests/2.28.2\r\nAccept-Encoding: gzip, deflate\r\nAccept: */*\r\nConnection: keep-alive\r\nContent-Length: 73\r\nContent-Type: application/json\r\n\r\n'

    def send(self, data):
        """Send `data' to the server.
        ``data`` can be a string object, a bytes object, an array object, a
        file-like object that supports a .read() method, or an iterable object.
        """
    
        if self.sock is None:
            if self.auto_open:
>               self.connect()

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:976: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009a959d0>

    def connect(self):
>       conn = self._new_conn()

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:205: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009a959d0>

    def _new_conn(self):
        """Establish a socket connection and set nodelay settings on it.
    
        :return: New socket connection.
        """
        extra_kw = {}
        if self.source_address:
            extra_kw["source_address"] = self.source_address
    
        if self.socket_options:
            extra_kw["socket_options"] = self.socket_options
    
        try:
            conn = connection.create_connection(
                (self._dns_host, self.port), self.timeout, **extra_kw
            )
    
        except SocketTimeout:
            raise ConnectTimeoutError(
                self,
                "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)"
                % (self.host, self.timeout),
            )
    
        except SocketError as e:
>           raise NewConnectionError(
                self, "Failed to establish a new connection: %s" % e
            )
E           urllib3.exceptions.NewConnectionError: <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009a959d0>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:186: NewConnectionError

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

self = <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter object at 0x7fa009a6e9d0>
request = <PreparedRequest [POST]>, stream = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), verify = True
cert = None, proxies = OrderedDict()

    def send(
        self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None
    ):
        """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
    
        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
        :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
        :type timeout: float or tuple or urllib3 Timeout object
        :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether
            we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it
            must be a path to a CA bundle to use
        :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
        :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
        :rtype: requests.Response
        """
    
        try:
            conn = self.get_connection(request.url, proxies)
        except LocationValueError as e:
            raise InvalidURL(e, request=request)
    
        self.cert_verify(conn, request.url, verify, cert)
        url = self.request_url(request, proxies)
        self.add_headers(
            request,
            stream=stream,
            timeout=timeout,
            verify=verify,
            cert=cert,
            proxies=proxies,
        )
    
        chunked = not (request.body is None or "Content-Length" in request.headers)
    
        if isinstance(timeout, tuple):
            try:
                connect, read = timeout
                timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read)
            except ValueError:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Invalid timeout {timeout}. Pass a (connect, read) timeout tuple, "
                    f"or a single float to set both timeouts to the same value."
                )
        elif isinstance(timeout, TimeoutSauce):
            pass
        else:
            timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout)
    
        try:
            if not chunked:
>               resp = conn.urlopen(
                    method=request.method,
                    url=url,
                    body=request.body,
                    headers=request.headers,
                    redirect=False,
                    assert_same_host=False,
                    preload_content=False,
                    decode_content=False,
                    retries=self.max_retries,
                    timeout=timeout,
                )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/adapters.py:489: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa00beea390>
method = 'POST', url = '/execute'
body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '73', 'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
retries = Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=False, redirect=None, status=None)
redirect = False, assert_same_host = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), pool_timeout = None
release_conn = False, chunked = False, body_pos = None
response_kw = {'decode_content': False, 'preload_content': False}
parsed_url = Url(scheme=None, auth=None, host=None, port=None, path='/execute', query=None, fragment=None)
destination_scheme = None, conn = None, release_this_conn = True
http_tunnel_required = False, err = None, clean_exit = False

    def urlopen(
        self,
        method,
        url,
        body=None,
        headers=None,
        retries=None,
        redirect=True,
        assert_same_host=True,
        timeout=_Default,
        pool_timeout=None,
        release_conn=None,
        chunked=False,
        body_pos=None,
        **response_kw
    ):
        """
        Get a connection from the pool and perform an HTTP request. This is the
        lowest level call for making a request, so you'll need to specify all
        the raw details.
    
        .. note::
    
           More commonly, it's appropriate to use a convenience method provided
           by :class:`.RequestMethods`, such as :meth:`request`.
    
        .. note::
    
           `release_conn` will only behave as expected if
           `preload_content=False` because we want to make
           `preload_content=False` the default behaviour someday soon without
           breaking backwards compatibility.
    
        :param method:
            HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.)
    
        :param url:
            The URL to perform the request on.
    
        :param body:
            Data to send in the request body, either :class:`str`, :class:`bytes`,
            an iterable of :class:`str`/:class:`bytes`, or a file-like object.
    
        :param headers:
            Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent,
            If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided,
            these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers.
    
        :param retries:
            Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a
            :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` exception.
    
            Pass ``None`` to retry until you receive a response. Pass a
            :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` object for fine-grained control
            over different types of retries.
            Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times,
            but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry.
    
            If ``False``, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised
            immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects,
            the redirect response will be returned.
    
        :type retries: :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry`, False, or an int.
    
        :param redirect:
            If True, automatically handle redirects (status codes 301, 302,
            303, 307, 308). Each redirect counts as a retry. Disabling retries
            will disable redirect, too.
    
        :param assert_same_host:
            If ``True``, will make sure that the host of the pool requests is
            consistent else will raise HostChangedError. When ``False``, you can
            use the pool on an HTTP proxy and request foreign hosts.
    
        :param timeout:
            If specified, overrides the default timeout for this one
            request. It may be a float (in seconds) or an instance of
            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`.
    
        :param pool_timeout:
            If set and the pool is set to block=True, then this method will
            block for ``pool_timeout`` seconds and raise EmptyPoolError if no
            connection is available within the time period.
    
        :param release_conn:
            If False, then the urlopen call will not release the connection
            back into the pool once a response is received (but will release if
            you read the entire contents of the response such as when
            `preload_content=True`). This is useful if you're not preloading
            the response's content immediately. You will need to call
            ``r.release_conn()`` on the response ``r`` to return the connection
            back into the pool. If None, it takes the value of
            ``response_kw.get('preload_content', True)``.
    
        :param chunked:
            If True, urllib3 will send the body using chunked transfer
            encoding. Otherwise, urllib3 will send the body using the standard
            content-length form. Defaults to False.
    
        :param int body_pos:
            Position to seek to in file-like body in the event of a retry or
            redirect. Typically this won't need to be set because urllib3 will
            auto-populate the value when needed.
    
        :param \\**response_kw:
            Additional parameters are passed to
            :meth:`urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.from_httplib`
        """
    
        parsed_url = parse_url(url)
        destination_scheme = parsed_url.scheme
    
        if headers is None:
            headers = self.headers
    
        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
    
        if release_conn is None:
            release_conn = response_kw.get("preload_content", True)
    
        # Check host
        if assert_same_host and not self.is_same_host(url):
            raise HostChangedError(self, url, retries)
    
        # Ensure that the URL we're connecting to is properly encoded
        if url.startswith("/"):
            url = six.ensure_str(_encode_target(url))
        else:
            url = six.ensure_str(parsed_url.url)
    
        conn = None
    
        # Track whether `conn` needs to be released before
        # returning/raising/recursing. Update this variable if necessary, and
        # leave `release_conn` constant throughout the function. That way, if
        # the function recurses, the original value of `release_conn` will be
        # passed down into the recursive call, and its value will be respected.
        #
        # See issue #651 [1] for details.
        #
        # [1] <https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/651>
        release_this_conn = release_conn
    
        http_tunnel_required = connection_requires_http_tunnel(
            self.proxy, self.proxy_config, destination_scheme
        )
    
        # Merge the proxy headers. Only done when not using HTTP CONNECT. We
        # have to copy the headers dict so we can safely change it without those
        # changes being reflected in anyone else's copy.
        if not http_tunnel_required:
            headers = headers.copy()
            headers.update(self.proxy_headers)
    
        # Must keep the exception bound to a separate variable or else Python 3
        # complains about UnboundLocalError.
        err = None
    
        # Keep track of whether we cleanly exited the except block. This
        # ensures we do proper cleanup in finally.
        clean_exit = False
    
        # Rewind body position, if needed. Record current position
        # for future rewinds in the event of a redirect/retry.
        body_pos = set_file_position(body, body_pos)
    
        try:
            # Request a connection from the queue.
            timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
            conn = self._get_conn(timeout=pool_timeout)
    
            conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
    
            is_new_proxy_conn = self.proxy is not None and not getattr(
                conn, "sock", None
            )
            if is_new_proxy_conn and http_tunnel_required:
                self._prepare_proxy(conn)
    
            # Make the request on the httplib connection object.
            httplib_response = self._make_request(
                conn,
                method,
                url,
                timeout=timeout_obj,
                body=body,
                headers=headers,
                chunked=chunked,
            )
    
            # If we're going to release the connection in ``finally:``, then
            # the response doesn't need to know about the connection. Otherwise
            # it will also try to release it and we'll have a double-release
            # mess.
            response_conn = conn if not release_conn else None
    
            # Pass method to Response for length checking
            response_kw["request_method"] = method
    
            # Import httplib's response into our own wrapper object
            response = self.ResponseCls.from_httplib(
                httplib_response,
                pool=self,
                connection=response_conn,
                retries=retries,
                **response_kw
            )
    
            # Everything went great!
            clean_exit = True
    
        except EmptyPoolError:
            # Didn't get a connection from the pool, no need to clean up
            clean_exit = True
            release_this_conn = False
            raise
    
        except (
            TimeoutError,
            HTTPException,
            SocketError,
            ProtocolError,
            BaseSSLError,
            SSLError,
            CertificateError,
        ) as e:
            # Discard the connection for these exceptions. It will be
            # replaced during the next _get_conn() call.
            clean_exit = False
    
            def _is_ssl_error_message_from_http_proxy(ssl_error):
                # We're trying to detect the message 'WRONG_VERSION_NUMBER' but
                # SSLErrors are kinda all over the place when it comes to the message,
                # so we try to cover our bases here!
                message = " ".join(re.split("[^a-z]", str(ssl_error).lower()))
                return (
                    "wrong version number" in message or "unknown protocol" in message
                )
    
            # Try to detect a common user error with proxies which is to
            # set an HTTP proxy to be HTTPS when it should be 'http://'
            # (ie {'http': 'http://proxy', 'https': 'https://proxy'})
            # Instead we add a nice error message and point to a URL.
            if (
                isinstance(e, BaseSSLError)
                and self.proxy
                and _is_ssl_error_message_from_http_proxy(e)
                and conn.proxy
                and conn.proxy.scheme == "https"
            ):
                e = ProxyError(
                    "Your proxy appears to only use HTTP and not HTTPS, "
                    "try changing your proxy URL to be HTTP. See: "
                    "https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/1.26.x/advanced-usage.html"
                    "#https-proxy-error-http-proxy",
                    SSLError(e),
                )
            elif isinstance(e, (BaseSSLError, CertificateError)):
                e = SSLError(e)
            elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, NewConnectionError)) and self.proxy:
                e = ProxyError("Cannot connect to proxy.", e)
            elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, HTTPException)):
                e = ProtocolError("Connection aborted.", e)
    
>           retries = retries.increment(
                method, url, error=e, _pool=self, _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2]
            )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:787: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=False, redirect=None, status=None)
method = 'POST', url = '/execute', response = None
error = NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009a959d0>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused')
_pool = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa00beea390>
_stacktrace = <traceback object at 0x7fa009a96340>

    def increment(
        self,
        method=None,
        url=None,
        response=None,
        error=None,
        _pool=None,
        _stacktrace=None,
    ):
        """Return a new Retry object with incremented retry counters.
    
        :param response: A response object, or None, if the server did not
            return a response.
        :type response: :class:`~urllib3.response.HTTPResponse`
        :param Exception error: An error encountered during the request, or
            None if the response was received successfully.
    
        :return: A new ``Retry`` object.
        """
        if self.total is False and error:
            # Disabled, indicate to re-raise the error.
            raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
    
        total = self.total
        if total is not None:
            total -= 1
    
        connect = self.connect
        read = self.read
        redirect = self.redirect
        status_count = self.status
        other = self.other
        cause = "unknown"
        status = None
        redirect_location = None
    
        if error and self._is_connection_error(error):
            # Connect retry?
            if connect is False:
                raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
            elif connect is not None:
                connect -= 1
    
        elif error and self._is_read_error(error):
            # Read retry?
            if read is False or not self._is_method_retryable(method):
                raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
            elif read is not None:
                read -= 1
    
        elif error:
            # Other retry?
            if other is not None:
                other -= 1
    
        elif response and response.get_redirect_location():
            # Redirect retry?
            if redirect is not None:
                redirect -= 1
            cause = "too many redirects"
            redirect_location = response.get_redirect_location()
            status = response.status
    
        else:
            # Incrementing because of a server error like a 500 in
            # status_forcelist and the given method is in the allowed_methods
            cause = ResponseError.GENERIC_ERROR
            if response and response.status:
                if status_count is not None:
                    status_count -= 1
                cause = ResponseError.SPECIFIC_ERROR.format(status_code=response.status)
                status = response.status
    
        history = self.history + (
            RequestHistory(method, url, error, status, redirect_location),
        )
    
        new_retry = self.new(
            total=total,
            connect=connect,
            read=read,
            redirect=redirect,
            status=status_count,
            other=other,
            history=history,
        )
    
        if new_retry.is_exhausted():
>           raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, error or ResponseError(cause))
E           urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError: HTTPConnectionPool(host='localhost', port=8123): Max retries exceeded with url: /execute (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009a959d0>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused'))

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/util/retry.py:592: MaxRetryError

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

base_url = 'http://localhost:8123'
expected_registration_redirect = 'http://localhost:8123/register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/execute'

    def test_request_with_no_registered_users(base_url, expected_registration_redirect):
        """
        An /execute request performed before any user is registered should redirect to the registration page.
        """
>       response = send_request(authenticate=False, parse_json=False)

tests/test_http.py:24: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 
tests/test_http.py:17: in send_request
    return _send_request('shell.exec', args={'cmd': 'echo ping'}, **kwargs)
tests/utils.py:60: in send_request
    response = requests.post(
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/api.py:115: in post
    return request("post", url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/api.py:59: in request
    return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/sessions.py:587: in request
    resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/sessions.py:701: in send
    r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter object at 0x7fa009a6e9d0>
request = <PreparedRequest [POST]>, stream = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), verify = True
cert = None, proxies = OrderedDict()

    def send(
        self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None
    ):
        """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
    
        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
        :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
        :type timeout: float or tuple or urllib3 Timeout object
        :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether
            we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it
            must be a path to a CA bundle to use
        :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
        :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
        :rtype: requests.Response
        """
    
        try:
            conn = self.get_connection(request.url, proxies)
        except LocationValueError as e:
            raise InvalidURL(e, request=request)
    
        self.cert_verify(conn, request.url, verify, cert)
        url = self.request_url(request, proxies)
        self.add_headers(
            request,
            stream=stream,
            timeout=timeout,
            verify=verify,
            cert=cert,
            proxies=proxies,
        )
    
        chunked = not (request.body is None or "Content-Length" in request.headers)
    
        if isinstance(timeout, tuple):
            try:
                connect, read = timeout
                timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read)
            except ValueError:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Invalid timeout {timeout}. Pass a (connect, read) timeout tuple, "
                    f"or a single float to set both timeouts to the same value."
                )
        elif isinstance(timeout, TimeoutSauce):
            pass
        else:
            timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout)
    
        try:
            if not chunked:
                resp = conn.urlopen(
                    method=request.method,
                    url=url,
                    body=request.body,
                    headers=request.headers,
                    redirect=False,
                    assert_same_host=False,
                    preload_content=False,
                    decode_content=False,
                    retries=self.max_retries,
                    timeout=timeout,
                )
    
            # Send the request.
            else:
                if hasattr(conn, "proxy_pool"):
                    conn = conn.proxy_pool
    
                low_conn = conn._get_conn(timeout=DEFAULT_POOL_TIMEOUT)
    
                try:
                    skip_host = "Host" in request.headers
                    low_conn.putrequest(
                        request.method,
                        url,
                        skip_accept_encoding=True,
                        skip_host=skip_host,
                    )
    
                    for header, value in request.headers.items():
                        low_conn.putheader(header, value)
    
                    low_conn.endheaders()
    
                    for i in request.body:
                        low_conn.send(hex(len(i))[2:].encode("utf-8"))
                        low_conn.send(b"\r\n")
                        low_conn.send(i)
                        low_conn.send(b"\r\n")
                    low_conn.send(b"0\r\n\r\n")
    
                    # Receive the response from the server
                    r = low_conn.getresponse()
    
                    resp = HTTPResponse.from_httplib(
                        r,
                        pool=conn,
                        connection=low_conn,
                        preload_content=False,
                        decode_content=False,
                    )
                except Exception:
                    # If we hit any problems here, clean up the connection.
                    # Then, raise so that we can handle the actual exception.
                    low_conn.close()
                    raise
    
        except (ProtocolError, OSError) as err:
            raise ConnectionError(err, request=request)
    
        except MaxRetryError as e:
            if isinstance(e.reason, ConnectTimeoutError):
                # TODO: Remove this in 3.0.0: see #2811
                if not isinstance(e.reason, NewConnectionError):
                    raise ConnectTimeout(e, request=request)
    
            if isinstance(e.reason, ResponseError):
                raise RetryError(e, request=request)
    
            if isinstance(e.reason, _ProxyError):
                raise ProxyError(e, request=request)
    
            if isinstance(e.reason, _SSLError):
                # This branch is for urllib3 v1.22 and later.
                raise SSLError(e, request=request)
    
>           raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
E           requests.exceptions.ConnectionError: HTTPConnectionPool(host='localhost', port=8123): Max retries exceeded with url: /execute (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009a959d0>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused'))

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/adapters.py:565: ConnectionError
_________________________ test_first_user_registration _________________________

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009403190>

    def _new_conn(self):
        """Establish a socket connection and set nodelay settings on it.
    
        :return: New socket connection.
        """
        extra_kw = {}
        if self.source_address:
            extra_kw["source_address"] = self.source_address
    
        if self.socket_options:
            extra_kw["socket_options"] = self.socket_options
    
        try:
>           conn = connection.create_connection(
                (self._dns_host, self.port), self.timeout, **extra_kw
            )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:174: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

address = ('localhost', 8123), timeout = None, source_address = None
socket_options = [(6, 1, 1)]

    def create_connection(
        address,
        timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
        source_address=None,
        socket_options=None,
    ):
        """Connect to *address* and return the socket object.
    
        Convenience function.  Connect to *address* (a 2-tuple ``(host,
        port)``) and return the socket object.  Passing the optional
        *timeout* parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance
        before attempting to connect.  If no *timeout* is supplied, the
        global default timeout setting returned by :func:`socket.getdefaulttimeout`
        is used.  If *source_address* is set it must be a tuple of (host, port)
        for the socket to bind as a source address before making the connection.
        An host of '' or port 0 tells the OS to use the default.
        """
    
        host, port = address
        if host.startswith("["):
            host = host.strip("[]")
        err = None
    
        # Using the value from allowed_gai_family() in the context of getaddrinfo lets
        # us select whether to work with IPv4 DNS records, IPv6 records, or both.
        # The original create_connection function always returns all records.
        family = allowed_gai_family()
    
        try:
            host.encode("idna")
        except UnicodeError:
            return six.raise_from(
                LocationParseError(u"'%s', label empty or too long" % host), None
            )
    
        for res in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
            af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
            sock = None
            try:
                sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
    
                # If provided, set socket level options before connecting.
                _set_socket_options(sock, socket_options)
    
                if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
                    sock.settimeout(timeout)
                if source_address:
                    sock.bind(source_address)
                sock.connect(sa)
                return sock
    
            except socket.error as e:
                err = e
                if sock is not None:
                    sock.close()
                    sock = None
    
        if err is not None:
>           raise err

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py:95: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

address = ('localhost', 8123), timeout = None, source_address = None
socket_options = [(6, 1, 1)]

    def create_connection(
        address,
        timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
        source_address=None,
        socket_options=None,
    ):
        """Connect to *address* and return the socket object.
    
        Convenience function.  Connect to *address* (a 2-tuple ``(host,
        port)``) and return the socket object.  Passing the optional
        *timeout* parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance
        before attempting to connect.  If no *timeout* is supplied, the
        global default timeout setting returned by :func:`socket.getdefaulttimeout`
        is used.  If *source_address* is set it must be a tuple of (host, port)
        for the socket to bind as a source address before making the connection.
        An host of '' or port 0 tells the OS to use the default.
        """
    
        host, port = address
        if host.startswith("["):
            host = host.strip("[]")
        err = None
    
        # Using the value from allowed_gai_family() in the context of getaddrinfo lets
        # us select whether to work with IPv4 DNS records, IPv6 records, or both.
        # The original create_connection function always returns all records.
        family = allowed_gai_family()
    
        try:
            host.encode("idna")
        except UnicodeError:
            return six.raise_from(
                LocationParseError(u"'%s', label empty or too long" % host), None
            )
    
        for res in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
            af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
            sock = None
            try:
                sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
    
                # If provided, set socket level options before connecting.
                _set_socket_options(sock, socket_options)
    
                if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
                    sock.settimeout(timeout)
                if source_address:
                    sock.bind(source_address)
>               sock.connect(sa)
E               ConnectionRefusedError: [Errno 111] Connection refused

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py:85: ConnectionRefusedError

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

self = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa009402fd0>
method = 'POST', url = '/register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/'
body = 'username=platypush&password=test&confirm_password=test'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '54', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
retries = Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=False, redirect=None, status=None)
redirect = False, assert_same_host = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), pool_timeout = None
release_conn = False, chunked = False, body_pos = None
response_kw = {'decode_content': False, 'preload_content': False}
parsed_url = Url(scheme=None, auth=None, host=None, port=None, path='/register', query='redirect=http://localhost:8123/', fragment=None)
destination_scheme = None, conn = None, release_this_conn = True
http_tunnel_required = False, err = None, clean_exit = False

    def urlopen(
        self,
        method,
        url,
        body=None,
        headers=None,
        retries=None,
        redirect=True,
        assert_same_host=True,
        timeout=_Default,
        pool_timeout=None,
        release_conn=None,
        chunked=False,
        body_pos=None,
        **response_kw
    ):
        """
        Get a connection from the pool and perform an HTTP request. This is the
        lowest level call for making a request, so you'll need to specify all
        the raw details.
    
        .. note::
    
           More commonly, it's appropriate to use a convenience method provided
           by :class:`.RequestMethods`, such as :meth:`request`.
    
        .. note::
    
           `release_conn` will only behave as expected if
           `preload_content=False` because we want to make
           `preload_content=False` the default behaviour someday soon without
           breaking backwards compatibility.
    
        :param method:
            HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.)
    
        :param url:
            The URL to perform the request on.
    
        :param body:
            Data to send in the request body, either :class:`str`, :class:`bytes`,
            an iterable of :class:`str`/:class:`bytes`, or a file-like object.
    
        :param headers:
            Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent,
            If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided,
            these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers.
    
        :param retries:
            Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a
            :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` exception.
    
            Pass ``None`` to retry until you receive a response. Pass a
            :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` object for fine-grained control
            over different types of retries.
            Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times,
            but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry.
    
            If ``False``, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised
            immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects,
            the redirect response will be returned.
    
        :type retries: :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry`, False, or an int.
    
        :param redirect:
            If True, automatically handle redirects (status codes 301, 302,
            303, 307, 308). Each redirect counts as a retry. Disabling retries
            will disable redirect, too.
    
        :param assert_same_host:
            If ``True``, will make sure that the host of the pool requests is
            consistent else will raise HostChangedError. When ``False``, you can
            use the pool on an HTTP proxy and request foreign hosts.
    
        :param timeout:
            If specified, overrides the default timeout for this one
            request. It may be a float (in seconds) or an instance of
            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`.
    
        :param pool_timeout:
            If set and the pool is set to block=True, then this method will
            block for ``pool_timeout`` seconds and raise EmptyPoolError if no
            connection is available within the time period.
    
        :param release_conn:
            If False, then the urlopen call will not release the connection
            back into the pool once a response is received (but will release if
            you read the entire contents of the response such as when
            `preload_content=True`). This is useful if you're not preloading
            the response's content immediately. You will need to call
            ``r.release_conn()`` on the response ``r`` to return the connection
            back into the pool. If None, it takes the value of
            ``response_kw.get('preload_content', True)``.
    
        :param chunked:
            If True, urllib3 will send the body using chunked transfer
            encoding. Otherwise, urllib3 will send the body using the standard
            content-length form. Defaults to False.
    
        :param int body_pos:
            Position to seek to in file-like body in the event of a retry or
            redirect. Typically this won't need to be set because urllib3 will
            auto-populate the value when needed.
    
        :param \\**response_kw:
            Additional parameters are passed to
            :meth:`urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.from_httplib`
        """
    
        parsed_url = parse_url(url)
        destination_scheme = parsed_url.scheme
    
        if headers is None:
            headers = self.headers
    
        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
    
        if release_conn is None:
            release_conn = response_kw.get("preload_content", True)
    
        # Check host
        if assert_same_host and not self.is_same_host(url):
            raise HostChangedError(self, url, retries)
    
        # Ensure that the URL we're connecting to is properly encoded
        if url.startswith("/"):
            url = six.ensure_str(_encode_target(url))
        else:
            url = six.ensure_str(parsed_url.url)
    
        conn = None
    
        # Track whether `conn` needs to be released before
        # returning/raising/recursing. Update this variable if necessary, and
        # leave `release_conn` constant throughout the function. That way, if
        # the function recurses, the original value of `release_conn` will be
        # passed down into the recursive call, and its value will be respected.
        #
        # See issue #651 [1] for details.
        #
        # [1] <https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/651>
        release_this_conn = release_conn
    
        http_tunnel_required = connection_requires_http_tunnel(
            self.proxy, self.proxy_config, destination_scheme
        )
    
        # Merge the proxy headers. Only done when not using HTTP CONNECT. We
        # have to copy the headers dict so we can safely change it without those
        # changes being reflected in anyone else's copy.
        if not http_tunnel_required:
            headers = headers.copy()
            headers.update(self.proxy_headers)
    
        # Must keep the exception bound to a separate variable or else Python 3
        # complains about UnboundLocalError.
        err = None
    
        # Keep track of whether we cleanly exited the except block. This
        # ensures we do proper cleanup in finally.
        clean_exit = False
    
        # Rewind body position, if needed. Record current position
        # for future rewinds in the event of a redirect/retry.
        body_pos = set_file_position(body, body_pos)
    
        try:
            # Request a connection from the queue.
            timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
            conn = self._get_conn(timeout=pool_timeout)
    
            conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
    
            is_new_proxy_conn = self.proxy is not None and not getattr(
                conn, "sock", None
            )
            if is_new_proxy_conn and http_tunnel_required:
                self._prepare_proxy(conn)
    
            # Make the request on the httplib connection object.
>           httplib_response = self._make_request(
                conn,
                method,
                url,
                timeout=timeout_obj,
                body=body,
                headers=headers,
                chunked=chunked,
            )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:703: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa009402fd0>
conn = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009403190>
method = 'POST', url = '/register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/'
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), chunked = False
httplib_request_kw = {'body': 'username=platypush&password=test&confirm_password=test', 'headers': {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2',...cept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '54', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}}
timeout_obj = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None)

    def _make_request(
        self, conn, method, url, timeout=_Default, chunked=False, **httplib_request_kw
    ):
        """
        Perform a request on a given urllib connection object taken from our
        pool.
    
        :param conn:
            a connection from one of our connection pools
    
        :param timeout:
            Socket timeout in seconds for the request. This can be a
            float or integer, which will set the same timeout value for
            the socket connect and the socket read, or an instance of
            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`, which gives you more fine-grained
            control over your timeouts.
        """
        self.num_requests += 1
    
        timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
        timeout_obj.start_connect()
        conn.timeout = Timeout.resolve_default_timeout(timeout_obj.connect_timeout)
    
        # Trigger any extra validation we need to do.
        try:
            self._validate_conn(conn)
        except (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError) as e:
            # Py2 raises this as a BaseSSLError, Py3 raises it as socket timeout.
            self._raise_timeout(err=e, url=url, timeout_value=conn.timeout)
            raise
    
        # conn.request() calls http.client.*.request, not the method in
        # urllib3.request. It also calls makefile (recv) on the socket.
        try:
            if chunked:
                conn.request_chunked(method, url, **httplib_request_kw)
            else:
>               conn.request(method, url, **httplib_request_kw)

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:398: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009403190>
method = 'POST', url = '/register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/'
body = 'username=platypush&password=test&confirm_password=test'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '54', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}

    def request(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None):
        # Update the inner socket's timeout value to send the request.
        # This only triggers if the connection is re-used.
        if getattr(self, "sock", None) is not None:
            self.sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
    
        if headers is None:
            headers = {}
        else:
            # Avoid modifying the headers passed into .request()
            headers = headers.copy()
        if "user-agent" not in (six.ensure_str(k.lower()) for k in headers):
            headers["User-Agent"] = _get_default_user_agent()
>       super(HTTPConnection, self).request(method, url, body=body, headers=headers)

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:244: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009403190>
method = 'POST', url = '/register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/'
body = 'username=platypush&password=test&confirm_password=test'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '54', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}

    def request(self, method, url, body=None, headers={}, *,
                encode_chunked=False):
        """Send a complete request to the server."""
>       self._send_request(method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1283: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009403190>
method = 'POST', url = '/register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/'
body = b'username=platypush&password=test&confirm_password=test'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '54', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
encode_chunked = False

    def _send_request(self, method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked):
        # Honor explicitly requested Host: and Accept-Encoding: headers.
        header_names = frozenset(k.lower() for k in headers)
        skips = {}
        if 'host' in header_names:
            skips['skip_host'] = 1
        if 'accept-encoding' in header_names:
            skips['skip_accept_encoding'] = 1
    
        self.putrequest(method, url, **skips)
    
        # chunked encoding will happen if HTTP/1.1 is used and either
        # the caller passes encode_chunked=True or the following
        # conditions hold:
        # 1. content-length has not been explicitly set
        # 2. the body is a file or iterable, but not a str or bytes-like
        # 3. Transfer-Encoding has NOT been explicitly set by the caller
    
        if 'content-length' not in header_names:
            # only chunk body if not explicitly set for backwards
            # compatibility, assuming the client code is already handling the
            # chunking
            if 'transfer-encoding' not in header_names:
                # if content-length cannot be automatically determined, fall
                # back to chunked encoding
                encode_chunked = False
                content_length = self._get_content_length(body, method)
                if content_length is None:
                    if body is not None:
                        if self.debuglevel > 0:
                            print('Unable to determine size of %r' % body)
                        encode_chunked = True
                        self.putheader('Transfer-Encoding', 'chunked')
                else:
                    self.putheader('Content-Length', str(content_length))
        else:
            encode_chunked = False
    
        for hdr, value in headers.items():
            self.putheader(hdr, value)
        if isinstance(body, str):
            # RFC 2616 Section 3.7.1 says that text default has a
            # default charset of iso-8859-1.
            body = _encode(body, 'body')
>       self.endheaders(body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1329: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009403190>
message_body = b'username=platypush&password=test&confirm_password=test'

    def endheaders(self, message_body=None, *, encode_chunked=False):
        """Indicate that the last header line has been sent to the server.
    
        This method sends the request to the server.  The optional message_body
        argument can be used to pass a message body associated with the
        request.
        """
        if self.__state == _CS_REQ_STARTED:
            self.__state = _CS_REQ_SENT
        else:
            raise CannotSendHeader()
>       self._send_output(message_body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1278: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009403190>
message_body = b'username=platypush&password=test&confirm_password=test'
encode_chunked = False

    def _send_output(self, message_body=None, encode_chunked=False):
        """Send the currently buffered request and clear the buffer.
    
        Appends an extra \\r\\n to the buffer.
        A message_body may be specified, to be appended to the request.
        """
        self._buffer.extend((b"", b""))
        msg = b"\r\n".join(self._buffer)
        del self._buffer[:]
>       self.send(msg)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1038: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009403190>
data = b'POST /register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/ HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: localhost:8123\r\nUser-Agent: python-requests/2.28....Accept: */*\r\nConnection: keep-alive\r\nContent-Length: 54\r\nContent-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\n\r\n'

    def send(self, data):
        """Send `data' to the server.
        ``data`` can be a string object, a bytes object, an array object, a
        file-like object that supports a .read() method, or an iterable object.
        """
    
        if self.sock is None:
            if self.auto_open:
>               self.connect()

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:976: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009403190>

    def connect(self):
>       conn = self._new_conn()

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:205: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009403190>

    def _new_conn(self):
        """Establish a socket connection and set nodelay settings on it.
    
        :return: New socket connection.
        """
        extra_kw = {}
        if self.source_address:
            extra_kw["source_address"] = self.source_address
    
        if self.socket_options:
            extra_kw["socket_options"] = self.socket_options
    
        try:
            conn = connection.create_connection(
                (self._dns_host, self.port), self.timeout, **extra_kw
            )
    
        except SocketTimeout:
            raise ConnectTimeoutError(
                self,
                "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)"
                % (self.host, self.timeout),
            )
    
        except SocketError as e:
>           raise NewConnectionError(
                self, "Failed to establish a new connection: %s" % e
            )
E           urllib3.exceptions.NewConnectionError: <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009403190>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:186: NewConnectionError

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

self = <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter object at 0x7fa009401f50>
request = <PreparedRequest [POST]>, stream = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), verify = True
cert = None, proxies = OrderedDict()

    def send(
        self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None
    ):
        """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
    
        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
        :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
        :type timeout: float or tuple or urllib3 Timeout object
        :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether
            we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it
            must be a path to a CA bundle to use
        :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
        :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
        :rtype: requests.Response
        """
    
        try:
            conn = self.get_connection(request.url, proxies)
        except LocationValueError as e:
            raise InvalidURL(e, request=request)
    
        self.cert_verify(conn, request.url, verify, cert)
        url = self.request_url(request, proxies)
        self.add_headers(
            request,
            stream=stream,
            timeout=timeout,
            verify=verify,
            cert=cert,
            proxies=proxies,
        )
    
        chunked = not (request.body is None or "Content-Length" in request.headers)
    
        if isinstance(timeout, tuple):
            try:
                connect, read = timeout
                timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read)
            except ValueError:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Invalid timeout {timeout}. Pass a (connect, read) timeout tuple, "
                    f"or a single float to set both timeouts to the same value."
                )
        elif isinstance(timeout, TimeoutSauce):
            pass
        else:
            timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout)
    
        try:
            if not chunked:
>               resp = conn.urlopen(
                    method=request.method,
                    url=url,
                    body=request.body,
                    headers=request.headers,
                    redirect=False,
                    assert_same_host=False,
                    preload_content=False,
                    decode_content=False,
                    retries=self.max_retries,
                    timeout=timeout,
                )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/adapters.py:489: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa009402fd0>
method = 'POST', url = '/register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/'
body = 'username=platypush&password=test&confirm_password=test'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '54', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
retries = Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=False, redirect=None, status=None)
redirect = False, assert_same_host = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), pool_timeout = None
release_conn = False, chunked = False, body_pos = None
response_kw = {'decode_content': False, 'preload_content': False}
parsed_url = Url(scheme=None, auth=None, host=None, port=None, path='/register', query='redirect=http://localhost:8123/', fragment=None)
destination_scheme = None, conn = None, release_this_conn = True
http_tunnel_required = False, err = None, clean_exit = False

    def urlopen(
        self,
        method,
        url,
        body=None,
        headers=None,
        retries=None,
        redirect=True,
        assert_same_host=True,
        timeout=_Default,
        pool_timeout=None,
        release_conn=None,
        chunked=False,
        body_pos=None,
        **response_kw
    ):
        """
        Get a connection from the pool and perform an HTTP request. This is the
        lowest level call for making a request, so you'll need to specify all
        the raw details.
    
        .. note::
    
           More commonly, it's appropriate to use a convenience method provided
           by :class:`.RequestMethods`, such as :meth:`request`.
    
        .. note::
    
           `release_conn` will only behave as expected if
           `preload_content=False` because we want to make
           `preload_content=False` the default behaviour someday soon without
           breaking backwards compatibility.
    
        :param method:
            HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.)
    
        :param url:
            The URL to perform the request on.
    
        :param body:
            Data to send in the request body, either :class:`str`, :class:`bytes`,
            an iterable of :class:`str`/:class:`bytes`, or a file-like object.
    
        :param headers:
            Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent,
            If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided,
            these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers.
    
        :param retries:
            Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a
            :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` exception.
    
            Pass ``None`` to retry until you receive a response. Pass a
            :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` object for fine-grained control
            over different types of retries.
            Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times,
            but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry.
    
            If ``False``, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised
            immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects,
            the redirect response will be returned.
    
        :type retries: :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry`, False, or an int.
    
        :param redirect:
            If True, automatically handle redirects (status codes 301, 302,
            303, 307, 308). Each redirect counts as a retry. Disabling retries
            will disable redirect, too.
    
        :param assert_same_host:
            If ``True``, will make sure that the host of the pool requests is
            consistent else will raise HostChangedError. When ``False``, you can
            use the pool on an HTTP proxy and request foreign hosts.
    
        :param timeout:
            If specified, overrides the default timeout for this one
            request. It may be a float (in seconds) or an instance of
            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`.
    
        :param pool_timeout:
            If set and the pool is set to block=True, then this method will
            block for ``pool_timeout`` seconds and raise EmptyPoolError if no
            connection is available within the time period.
    
        :param release_conn:
            If False, then the urlopen call will not release the connection
            back into the pool once a response is received (but will release if
            you read the entire contents of the response such as when
            `preload_content=True`). This is useful if you're not preloading
            the response's content immediately. You will need to call
            ``r.release_conn()`` on the response ``r`` to return the connection
            back into the pool. If None, it takes the value of
            ``response_kw.get('preload_content', True)``.
    
        :param chunked:
            If True, urllib3 will send the body using chunked transfer
            encoding. Otherwise, urllib3 will send the body using the standard
            content-length form. Defaults to False.
    
        :param int body_pos:
            Position to seek to in file-like body in the event of a retry or
            redirect. Typically this won't need to be set because urllib3 will
            auto-populate the value when needed.
    
        :param \\**response_kw:
            Additional parameters are passed to
            :meth:`urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.from_httplib`
        """
    
        parsed_url = parse_url(url)
        destination_scheme = parsed_url.scheme
    
        if headers is None:
            headers = self.headers
    
        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
    
        if release_conn is None:
            release_conn = response_kw.get("preload_content", True)
    
        # Check host
        if assert_same_host and not self.is_same_host(url):
            raise HostChangedError(self, url, retries)
    
        # Ensure that the URL we're connecting to is properly encoded
        if url.startswith("/"):
            url = six.ensure_str(_encode_target(url))
        else:
            url = six.ensure_str(parsed_url.url)
    
        conn = None
    
        # Track whether `conn` needs to be released before
        # returning/raising/recursing. Update this variable if necessary, and
        # leave `release_conn` constant throughout the function. That way, if
        # the function recurses, the original value of `release_conn` will be
        # passed down into the recursive call, and its value will be respected.
        #
        # See issue #651 [1] for details.
        #
        # [1] <https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/651>
        release_this_conn = release_conn
    
        http_tunnel_required = connection_requires_http_tunnel(
            self.proxy, self.proxy_config, destination_scheme
        )
    
        # Merge the proxy headers. Only done when not using HTTP CONNECT. We
        # have to copy the headers dict so we can safely change it without those
        # changes being reflected in anyone else's copy.
        if not http_tunnel_required:
            headers = headers.copy()
            headers.update(self.proxy_headers)
    
        # Must keep the exception bound to a separate variable or else Python 3
        # complains about UnboundLocalError.
        err = None
    
        # Keep track of whether we cleanly exited the except block. This
        # ensures we do proper cleanup in finally.
        clean_exit = False
    
        # Rewind body position, if needed. Record current position
        # for future rewinds in the event of a redirect/retry.
        body_pos = set_file_position(body, body_pos)
    
        try:
            # Request a connection from the queue.
            timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
            conn = self._get_conn(timeout=pool_timeout)
    
            conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
    
            is_new_proxy_conn = self.proxy is not None and not getattr(
                conn, "sock", None
            )
            if is_new_proxy_conn and http_tunnel_required:
                self._prepare_proxy(conn)
    
            # Make the request on the httplib connection object.
            httplib_response = self._make_request(
                conn,
                method,
                url,
                timeout=timeout_obj,
                body=body,
                headers=headers,
                chunked=chunked,
            )
    
            # If we're going to release the connection in ``finally:``, then
            # the response doesn't need to know about the connection. Otherwise
            # it will also try to release it and we'll have a double-release
            # mess.
            response_conn = conn if not release_conn else None
    
            # Pass method to Response for length checking
            response_kw["request_method"] = method
    
            # Import httplib's response into our own wrapper object
            response = self.ResponseCls.from_httplib(
                httplib_response,
                pool=self,
                connection=response_conn,
                retries=retries,
                **response_kw
            )
    
            # Everything went great!
            clean_exit = True
    
        except EmptyPoolError:
            # Didn't get a connection from the pool, no need to clean up
            clean_exit = True
            release_this_conn = False
            raise
    
        except (
            TimeoutError,
            HTTPException,
            SocketError,
            ProtocolError,
            BaseSSLError,
            SSLError,
            CertificateError,
        ) as e:
            # Discard the connection for these exceptions. It will be
            # replaced during the next _get_conn() call.
            clean_exit = False
    
            def _is_ssl_error_message_from_http_proxy(ssl_error):
                # We're trying to detect the message 'WRONG_VERSION_NUMBER' but
                # SSLErrors are kinda all over the place when it comes to the message,
                # so we try to cover our bases here!
                message = " ".join(re.split("[^a-z]", str(ssl_error).lower()))
                return (
                    "wrong version number" in message or "unknown protocol" in message
                )
    
            # Try to detect a common user error with proxies which is to
            # set an HTTP proxy to be HTTPS when it should be 'http://'
            # (ie {'http': 'http://proxy', 'https': 'https://proxy'})
            # Instead we add a nice error message and point to a URL.
            if (
                isinstance(e, BaseSSLError)
                and self.proxy
                and _is_ssl_error_message_from_http_proxy(e)
                and conn.proxy
                and conn.proxy.scheme == "https"
            ):
                e = ProxyError(
                    "Your proxy appears to only use HTTP and not HTTPS, "
                    "try changing your proxy URL to be HTTP. See: "
                    "https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/1.26.x/advanced-usage.html"
                    "#https-proxy-error-http-proxy",
                    SSLError(e),
                )
            elif isinstance(e, (BaseSSLError, CertificateError)):
                e = SSLError(e)
            elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, NewConnectionError)) and self.proxy:
                e = ProxyError("Cannot connect to proxy.", e)
            elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, HTTPException)):
                e = ProtocolError("Connection aborted.", e)
    
>           retries = retries.increment(
                method, url, error=e, _pool=self, _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2]
            )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:787: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=False, redirect=None, status=None)
method = 'POST', url = '/register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/'
response = None
error = NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009403190>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused')
_pool = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa009402fd0>
_stacktrace = <traceback object at 0x7fa009402780>

    def increment(
        self,
        method=None,
        url=None,
        response=None,
        error=None,
        _pool=None,
        _stacktrace=None,
    ):
        """Return a new Retry object with incremented retry counters.
    
        :param response: A response object, or None, if the server did not
            return a response.
        :type response: :class:`~urllib3.response.HTTPResponse`
        :param Exception error: An error encountered during the request, or
            None if the response was received successfully.
    
        :return: A new ``Retry`` object.
        """
        if self.total is False and error:
            # Disabled, indicate to re-raise the error.
            raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
    
        total = self.total
        if total is not None:
            total -= 1
    
        connect = self.connect
        read = self.read
        redirect = self.redirect
        status_count = self.status
        other = self.other
        cause = "unknown"
        status = None
        redirect_location = None
    
        if error and self._is_connection_error(error):
            # Connect retry?
            if connect is False:
                raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
            elif connect is not None:
                connect -= 1
    
        elif error and self._is_read_error(error):
            # Read retry?
            if read is False or not self._is_method_retryable(method):
                raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
            elif read is not None:
                read -= 1
    
        elif error:
            # Other retry?
            if other is not None:
                other -= 1
    
        elif response and response.get_redirect_location():
            # Redirect retry?
            if redirect is not None:
                redirect -= 1
            cause = "too many redirects"
            redirect_location = response.get_redirect_location()
            status = response.status
    
        else:
            # Incrementing because of a server error like a 500 in
            # status_forcelist and the given method is in the allowed_methods
            cause = ResponseError.GENERIC_ERROR
            if response and response.status:
                if status_count is not None:
                    status_count -= 1
                cause = ResponseError.SPECIFIC_ERROR.format(status_code=response.status)
                status = response.status
    
        history = self.history + (
            RequestHistory(method, url, error, status, redirect_location),
        )
    
        new_retry = self.new(
            total=total,
            connect=connect,
            read=read,
            redirect=redirect,
            status=status_count,
            other=other,
            history=history,
        )
    
        if new_retry.is_exhausted():
>           raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, error or ResponseError(cause))
E           urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError: HTTPConnectionPool(host='localhost', port=8123): Max retries exceeded with url: /register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/ (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009403190>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused'))

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/util/retry.py:592: MaxRetryError

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

base_url = 'http://localhost:8123'

    def test_first_user_registration(base_url):
        """
        Emulate a first user registration through form and get the session_token.
        """
>       response = register_user()

tests/test_http.py:35: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 
tests/utils.py:87: in register_user
    response = requests.post(
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/api.py:115: in post
    return request("post", url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/api.py:59: in request
    return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/sessions.py:587: in request
    resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/sessions.py:701: in send
    r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter object at 0x7fa009401f50>
request = <PreparedRequest [POST]>, stream = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), verify = True
cert = None, proxies = OrderedDict()

    def send(
        self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None
    ):
        """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
    
        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
        :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
        :type timeout: float or tuple or urllib3 Timeout object
        :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether
            we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it
            must be a path to a CA bundle to use
        :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
        :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
        :rtype: requests.Response
        """
    
        try:
            conn = self.get_connection(request.url, proxies)
        except LocationValueError as e:
            raise InvalidURL(e, request=request)
    
        self.cert_verify(conn, request.url, verify, cert)
        url = self.request_url(request, proxies)
        self.add_headers(
            request,
            stream=stream,
            timeout=timeout,
            verify=verify,
            cert=cert,
            proxies=proxies,
        )
    
        chunked = not (request.body is None or "Content-Length" in request.headers)
    
        if isinstance(timeout, tuple):
            try:
                connect, read = timeout
                timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read)
            except ValueError:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Invalid timeout {timeout}. Pass a (connect, read) timeout tuple, "
                    f"or a single float to set both timeouts to the same value."
                )
        elif isinstance(timeout, TimeoutSauce):
            pass
        else:
            timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout)
    
        try:
            if not chunked:
                resp = conn.urlopen(
                    method=request.method,
                    url=url,
                    body=request.body,
                    headers=request.headers,
                    redirect=False,
                    assert_same_host=False,
                    preload_content=False,
                    decode_content=False,
                    retries=self.max_retries,
                    timeout=timeout,
                )
    
            # Send the request.
            else:
                if hasattr(conn, "proxy_pool"):
                    conn = conn.proxy_pool
    
                low_conn = conn._get_conn(timeout=DEFAULT_POOL_TIMEOUT)
    
                try:
                    skip_host = "Host" in request.headers
                    low_conn.putrequest(
                        request.method,
                        url,
                        skip_accept_encoding=True,
                        skip_host=skip_host,
                    )
    
                    for header, value in request.headers.items():
                        low_conn.putheader(header, value)
    
                    low_conn.endheaders()
    
                    for i in request.body:
                        low_conn.send(hex(len(i))[2:].encode("utf-8"))
                        low_conn.send(b"\r\n")
                        low_conn.send(i)
                        low_conn.send(b"\r\n")
                    low_conn.send(b"0\r\n\r\n")
    
                    # Receive the response from the server
                    r = low_conn.getresponse()
    
                    resp = HTTPResponse.from_httplib(
                        r,
                        pool=conn,
                        connection=low_conn,
                        preload_content=False,
                        decode_content=False,
                    )
                except Exception:
                    # If we hit any problems here, clean up the connection.
                    # Then, raise so that we can handle the actual exception.
                    low_conn.close()
                    raise
    
        except (ProtocolError, OSError) as err:
            raise ConnectionError(err, request=request)
    
        except MaxRetryError as e:
            if isinstance(e.reason, ConnectTimeoutError):
                # TODO: Remove this in 3.0.0: see #2811
                if not isinstance(e.reason, NewConnectionError):
                    raise ConnectTimeout(e, request=request)
    
            if isinstance(e.reason, ResponseError):
                raise RetryError(e, request=request)
    
            if isinstance(e.reason, _ProxyError):
                raise ProxyError(e, request=request)
    
            if isinstance(e.reason, _SSLError):
                # This branch is for urllib3 v1.22 and later.
                raise SSLError(e, request=request)
    
>           raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
E           requests.exceptions.ConnectionError: HTTPConnectionPool(host='localhost', port=8123): Max retries exceeded with url: /register?redirect=http://localhost:8123/ (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa009403190>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused'))

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/adapters.py:565: ConnectionError
________________ test_unauthorized_request_with_registered_user ________________

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00941b650>

    def _new_conn(self):
        """Establish a socket connection and set nodelay settings on it.
    
        :return: New socket connection.
        """
        extra_kw = {}
        if self.source_address:
            extra_kw["source_address"] = self.source_address
    
        if self.socket_options:
            extra_kw["socket_options"] = self.socket_options
    
        try:
>           conn = connection.create_connection(
                (self._dns_host, self.port), self.timeout, **extra_kw
            )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:174: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

address = ('localhost', 8123), timeout = None, source_address = None
socket_options = [(6, 1, 1)]

    def create_connection(
        address,
        timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
        source_address=None,
        socket_options=None,
    ):
        """Connect to *address* and return the socket object.
    
        Convenience function.  Connect to *address* (a 2-tuple ``(host,
        port)``) and return the socket object.  Passing the optional
        *timeout* parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance
        before attempting to connect.  If no *timeout* is supplied, the
        global default timeout setting returned by :func:`socket.getdefaulttimeout`
        is used.  If *source_address* is set it must be a tuple of (host, port)
        for the socket to bind as a source address before making the connection.
        An host of '' or port 0 tells the OS to use the default.
        """
    
        host, port = address
        if host.startswith("["):
            host = host.strip("[]")
        err = None
    
        # Using the value from allowed_gai_family() in the context of getaddrinfo lets
        # us select whether to work with IPv4 DNS records, IPv6 records, or both.
        # The original create_connection function always returns all records.
        family = allowed_gai_family()
    
        try:
            host.encode("idna")
        except UnicodeError:
            return six.raise_from(
                LocationParseError(u"'%s', label empty or too long" % host), None
            )
    
        for res in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
            af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
            sock = None
            try:
                sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
    
                # If provided, set socket level options before connecting.
                _set_socket_options(sock, socket_options)
    
                if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
                    sock.settimeout(timeout)
                if source_address:
                    sock.bind(source_address)
                sock.connect(sa)
                return sock
    
            except socket.error as e:
                err = e
                if sock is not None:
                    sock.close()
                    sock = None
    
        if err is not None:
>           raise err

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py:95: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

address = ('localhost', 8123), timeout = None, source_address = None
socket_options = [(6, 1, 1)]

    def create_connection(
        address,
        timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
        source_address=None,
        socket_options=None,
    ):
        """Connect to *address* and return the socket object.
    
        Convenience function.  Connect to *address* (a 2-tuple ``(host,
        port)``) and return the socket object.  Passing the optional
        *timeout* parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance
        before attempting to connect.  If no *timeout* is supplied, the
        global default timeout setting returned by :func:`socket.getdefaulttimeout`
        is used.  If *source_address* is set it must be a tuple of (host, port)
        for the socket to bind as a source address before making the connection.
        An host of '' or port 0 tells the OS to use the default.
        """
    
        host, port = address
        if host.startswith("["):
            host = host.strip("[]")
        err = None
    
        # Using the value from allowed_gai_family() in the context of getaddrinfo lets
        # us select whether to work with IPv4 DNS records, IPv6 records, or both.
        # The original create_connection function always returns all records.
        family = allowed_gai_family()
    
        try:
            host.encode("idna")
        except UnicodeError:
            return six.raise_from(
                LocationParseError(u"'%s', label empty or too long" % host), None
            )
    
        for res in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
            af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
            sock = None
            try:
                sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
    
                # If provided, set socket level options before connecting.
                _set_socket_options(sock, socket_options)
    
                if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
                    sock.settimeout(timeout)
                if source_address:
                    sock.bind(source_address)
>               sock.connect(sa)
E               ConnectionRefusedError: [Errno 111] Connection refused

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py:85: ConnectionRefusedError

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

self = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa00941b190>
method = 'POST', url = '/execute'
body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '73', 'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
retries = Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=False, redirect=None, status=None)
redirect = False, assert_same_host = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), pool_timeout = None
release_conn = False, chunked = False, body_pos = None
response_kw = {'decode_content': False, 'preload_content': False}
parsed_url = Url(scheme=None, auth=None, host=None, port=None, path='/execute', query=None, fragment=None)
destination_scheme = None, conn = None, release_this_conn = True
http_tunnel_required = False, err = None, clean_exit = False

    def urlopen(
        self,
        method,
        url,
        body=None,
        headers=None,
        retries=None,
        redirect=True,
        assert_same_host=True,
        timeout=_Default,
        pool_timeout=None,
        release_conn=None,
        chunked=False,
        body_pos=None,
        **response_kw
    ):
        """
        Get a connection from the pool and perform an HTTP request. This is the
        lowest level call for making a request, so you'll need to specify all
        the raw details.
    
        .. note::
    
           More commonly, it's appropriate to use a convenience method provided
           by :class:`.RequestMethods`, such as :meth:`request`.
    
        .. note::
    
           `release_conn` will only behave as expected if
           `preload_content=False` because we want to make
           `preload_content=False` the default behaviour someday soon without
           breaking backwards compatibility.
    
        :param method:
            HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.)
    
        :param url:
            The URL to perform the request on.
    
        :param body:
            Data to send in the request body, either :class:`str`, :class:`bytes`,
            an iterable of :class:`str`/:class:`bytes`, or a file-like object.
    
        :param headers:
            Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent,
            If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided,
            these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers.
    
        :param retries:
            Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a
            :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` exception.
    
            Pass ``None`` to retry until you receive a response. Pass a
            :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` object for fine-grained control
            over different types of retries.
            Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times,
            but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry.
    
            If ``False``, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised
            immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects,
            the redirect response will be returned.
    
        :type retries: :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry`, False, or an int.
    
        :param redirect:
            If True, automatically handle redirects (status codes 301, 302,
            303, 307, 308). Each redirect counts as a retry. Disabling retries
            will disable redirect, too.
    
        :param assert_same_host:
            If ``True``, will make sure that the host of the pool requests is
            consistent else will raise HostChangedError. When ``False``, you can
            use the pool on an HTTP proxy and request foreign hosts.
    
        :param timeout:
            If specified, overrides the default timeout for this one
            request. It may be a float (in seconds) or an instance of
            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`.
    
        :param pool_timeout:
            If set and the pool is set to block=True, then this method will
            block for ``pool_timeout`` seconds and raise EmptyPoolError if no
            connection is available within the time period.
    
        :param release_conn:
            If False, then the urlopen call will not release the connection
            back into the pool once a response is received (but will release if
            you read the entire contents of the response such as when
            `preload_content=True`). This is useful if you're not preloading
            the response's content immediately. You will need to call
            ``r.release_conn()`` on the response ``r`` to return the connection
            back into the pool. If None, it takes the value of
            ``response_kw.get('preload_content', True)``.
    
        :param chunked:
            If True, urllib3 will send the body using chunked transfer
            encoding. Otherwise, urllib3 will send the body using the standard
            content-length form. Defaults to False.
    
        :param int body_pos:
            Position to seek to in file-like body in the event of a retry or
            redirect. Typically this won't need to be set because urllib3 will
            auto-populate the value when needed.
    
        :param \\**response_kw:
            Additional parameters are passed to
            :meth:`urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.from_httplib`
        """
    
        parsed_url = parse_url(url)
        destination_scheme = parsed_url.scheme
    
        if headers is None:
            headers = self.headers
    
        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
    
        if release_conn is None:
            release_conn = response_kw.get("preload_content", True)
    
        # Check host
        if assert_same_host and not self.is_same_host(url):
            raise HostChangedError(self, url, retries)
    
        # Ensure that the URL we're connecting to is properly encoded
        if url.startswith("/"):
            url = six.ensure_str(_encode_target(url))
        else:
            url = six.ensure_str(parsed_url.url)
    
        conn = None
    
        # Track whether `conn` needs to be released before
        # returning/raising/recursing. Update this variable if necessary, and
        # leave `release_conn` constant throughout the function. That way, if
        # the function recurses, the original value of `release_conn` will be
        # passed down into the recursive call, and its value will be respected.
        #
        # See issue #651 [1] for details.
        #
        # [1] <https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/651>
        release_this_conn = release_conn
    
        http_tunnel_required = connection_requires_http_tunnel(
            self.proxy, self.proxy_config, destination_scheme
        )
    
        # Merge the proxy headers. Only done when not using HTTP CONNECT. We
        # have to copy the headers dict so we can safely change it without those
        # changes being reflected in anyone else's copy.
        if not http_tunnel_required:
            headers = headers.copy()
            headers.update(self.proxy_headers)
    
        # Must keep the exception bound to a separate variable or else Python 3
        # complains about UnboundLocalError.
        err = None
    
        # Keep track of whether we cleanly exited the except block. This
        # ensures we do proper cleanup in finally.
        clean_exit = False
    
        # Rewind body position, if needed. Record current position
        # for future rewinds in the event of a redirect/retry.
        body_pos = set_file_position(body, body_pos)
    
        try:
            # Request a connection from the queue.
            timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
            conn = self._get_conn(timeout=pool_timeout)
    
            conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
    
            is_new_proxy_conn = self.proxy is not None and not getattr(
                conn, "sock", None
            )
            if is_new_proxy_conn and http_tunnel_required:
                self._prepare_proxy(conn)
    
            # Make the request on the httplib connection object.
>           httplib_response = self._make_request(
                conn,
                method,
                url,
                timeout=timeout_obj,
                body=body,
                headers=headers,
                chunked=chunked,
            )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:703: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa00941b190>
conn = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00941b650>
method = 'POST', url = '/execute'
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), chunked = False
httplib_request_kw = {'body': b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}', 'headers': {'User-Agent': 'pyth...ip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '73', 'Content-Type': 'application/json'}}
timeout_obj = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None)

    def _make_request(
        self, conn, method, url, timeout=_Default, chunked=False, **httplib_request_kw
    ):
        """
        Perform a request on a given urllib connection object taken from our
        pool.
    
        :param conn:
            a connection from one of our connection pools
    
        :param timeout:
            Socket timeout in seconds for the request. This can be a
            float or integer, which will set the same timeout value for
            the socket connect and the socket read, or an instance of
            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`, which gives you more fine-grained
            control over your timeouts.
        """
        self.num_requests += 1
    
        timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
        timeout_obj.start_connect()
        conn.timeout = Timeout.resolve_default_timeout(timeout_obj.connect_timeout)
    
        # Trigger any extra validation we need to do.
        try:
            self._validate_conn(conn)
        except (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError) as e:
            # Py2 raises this as a BaseSSLError, Py3 raises it as socket timeout.
            self._raise_timeout(err=e, url=url, timeout_value=conn.timeout)
            raise
    
        # conn.request() calls http.client.*.request, not the method in
        # urllib3.request. It also calls makefile (recv) on the socket.
        try:
            if chunked:
                conn.request_chunked(method, url, **httplib_request_kw)
            else:
>               conn.request(method, url, **httplib_request_kw)

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:398: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00941b650>
method = 'POST', url = '/execute'
body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '73', 'Content-Type': 'application/json'}

    def request(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None):
        # Update the inner socket's timeout value to send the request.
        # This only triggers if the connection is re-used.
        if getattr(self, "sock", None) is not None:
            self.sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
    
        if headers is None:
            headers = {}
        else:
            # Avoid modifying the headers passed into .request()
            headers = headers.copy()
        if "user-agent" not in (six.ensure_str(k.lower()) for k in headers):
            headers["User-Agent"] = _get_default_user_agent()
>       super(HTTPConnection, self).request(method, url, body=body, headers=headers)

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:244: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00941b650>
method = 'POST', url = '/execute'
body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '73', 'Content-Type': 'application/json'}

    def request(self, method, url, body=None, headers={}, *,
                encode_chunked=False):
        """Send a complete request to the server."""
>       self._send_request(method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1283: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00941b650>
method = 'POST', url = '/execute'
body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '73', 'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
encode_chunked = False

    def _send_request(self, method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked):
        # Honor explicitly requested Host: and Accept-Encoding: headers.
        header_names = frozenset(k.lower() for k in headers)
        skips = {}
        if 'host' in header_names:
            skips['skip_host'] = 1
        if 'accept-encoding' in header_names:
            skips['skip_accept_encoding'] = 1
    
        self.putrequest(method, url, **skips)
    
        # chunked encoding will happen if HTTP/1.1 is used and either
        # the caller passes encode_chunked=True or the following
        # conditions hold:
        # 1. content-length has not been explicitly set
        # 2. the body is a file or iterable, but not a str or bytes-like
        # 3. Transfer-Encoding has NOT been explicitly set by the caller
    
        if 'content-length' not in header_names:
            # only chunk body if not explicitly set for backwards
            # compatibility, assuming the client code is already handling the
            # chunking
            if 'transfer-encoding' not in header_names:
                # if content-length cannot be automatically determined, fall
                # back to chunked encoding
                encode_chunked = False
                content_length = self._get_content_length(body, method)
                if content_length is None:
                    if body is not None:
                        if self.debuglevel > 0:
                            print('Unable to determine size of %r' % body)
                        encode_chunked = True
                        self.putheader('Transfer-Encoding', 'chunked')
                else:
                    self.putheader('Content-Length', str(content_length))
        else:
            encode_chunked = False
    
        for hdr, value in headers.items():
            self.putheader(hdr, value)
        if isinstance(body, str):
            # RFC 2616 Section 3.7.1 says that text default has a
            # default charset of iso-8859-1.
            body = _encode(body, 'body')
>       self.endheaders(body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1329: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00941b650>
message_body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'

    def endheaders(self, message_body=None, *, encode_chunked=False):
        """Indicate that the last header line has been sent to the server.
    
        This method sends the request to the server.  The optional message_body
        argument can be used to pass a message body associated with the
        request.
        """
        if self.__state == _CS_REQ_STARTED:
            self.__state = _CS_REQ_SENT
        else:
            raise CannotSendHeader()
>       self._send_output(message_body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1278: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00941b650>
message_body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'
encode_chunked = False

    def _send_output(self, message_body=None, encode_chunked=False):
        """Send the currently buffered request and clear the buffer.
    
        Appends an extra \\r\\n to the buffer.
        A message_body may be specified, to be appended to the request.
        """
        self._buffer.extend((b"", b""))
        msg = b"\r\n".join(self._buffer)
        del self._buffer[:]
>       self.send(msg)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1038: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00941b650>
data = b'POST /execute HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: localhost:8123\r\nUser-Agent: python-requests/2.28.2\r\nAccept-Encoding: gzip, deflate\r\nAccept: */*\r\nConnection: keep-alive\r\nContent-Length: 73\r\nContent-Type: application/json\r\n\r\n'

    def send(self, data):
        """Send `data' to the server.
        ``data`` can be a string object, a bytes object, an array object, a
        file-like object that supports a .read() method, or an iterable object.
        """
    
        if self.sock is None:
            if self.auto_open:
>               self.connect()

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:976: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00941b650>

    def connect(self):
>       conn = self._new_conn()

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:205: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00941b650>

    def _new_conn(self):
        """Establish a socket connection and set nodelay settings on it.
    
        :return: New socket connection.
        """
        extra_kw = {}
        if self.source_address:
            extra_kw["source_address"] = self.source_address
    
        if self.socket_options:
            extra_kw["socket_options"] = self.socket_options
    
        try:
            conn = connection.create_connection(
                (self._dns_host, self.port), self.timeout, **extra_kw
            )
    
        except SocketTimeout:
            raise ConnectTimeoutError(
                self,
                "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)"
                % (self.host, self.timeout),
            )
    
        except SocketError as e:
>           raise NewConnectionError(
                self, "Failed to establish a new connection: %s" % e
            )
E           urllib3.exceptions.NewConnectionError: <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00941b650>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:186: NewConnectionError

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

self = <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter object at 0x7fa009419d90>
request = <PreparedRequest [POST]>, stream = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), verify = True
cert = None, proxies = OrderedDict()

    def send(
        self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None
    ):
        """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
    
        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
        :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
        :type timeout: float or tuple or urllib3 Timeout object
        :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether
            we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it
            must be a path to a CA bundle to use
        :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
        :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
        :rtype: requests.Response
        """
    
        try:
            conn = self.get_connection(request.url, proxies)
        except LocationValueError as e:
            raise InvalidURL(e, request=request)
    
        self.cert_verify(conn, request.url, verify, cert)
        url = self.request_url(request, proxies)
        self.add_headers(
            request,
            stream=stream,
            timeout=timeout,
            verify=verify,
            cert=cert,
            proxies=proxies,
        )
    
        chunked = not (request.body is None or "Content-Length" in request.headers)
    
        if isinstance(timeout, tuple):
            try:
                connect, read = timeout
                timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read)
            except ValueError:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Invalid timeout {timeout}. Pass a (connect, read) timeout tuple, "
                    f"or a single float to set both timeouts to the same value."
                )
        elif isinstance(timeout, TimeoutSauce):
            pass
        else:
            timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout)
    
        try:
            if not chunked:
>               resp = conn.urlopen(
                    method=request.method,
                    url=url,
                    body=request.body,
                    headers=request.headers,
                    redirect=False,
                    assert_same_host=False,
                    preload_content=False,
                    decode_content=False,
                    retries=self.max_retries,
                    timeout=timeout,
                )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/adapters.py:489: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa00941b190>
method = 'POST', url = '/execute'
body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '73', 'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
retries = Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=False, redirect=None, status=None)
redirect = False, assert_same_host = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), pool_timeout = None
release_conn = False, chunked = False, body_pos = None
response_kw = {'decode_content': False, 'preload_content': False}
parsed_url = Url(scheme=None, auth=None, host=None, port=None, path='/execute', query=None, fragment=None)
destination_scheme = None, conn = None, release_this_conn = True
http_tunnel_required = False, err = None, clean_exit = False

    def urlopen(
        self,
        method,
        url,
        body=None,
        headers=None,
        retries=None,
        redirect=True,
        assert_same_host=True,
        timeout=_Default,
        pool_timeout=None,
        release_conn=None,
        chunked=False,
        body_pos=None,
        **response_kw
    ):
        """
        Get a connection from the pool and perform an HTTP request. This is the
        lowest level call for making a request, so you'll need to specify all
        the raw details.
    
        .. note::
    
           More commonly, it's appropriate to use a convenience method provided
           by :class:`.RequestMethods`, such as :meth:`request`.
    
        .. note::
    
           `release_conn` will only behave as expected if
           `preload_content=False` because we want to make
           `preload_content=False` the default behaviour someday soon without
           breaking backwards compatibility.
    
        :param method:
            HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.)
    
        :param url:
            The URL to perform the request on.
    
        :param body:
            Data to send in the request body, either :class:`str`, :class:`bytes`,
            an iterable of :class:`str`/:class:`bytes`, or a file-like object.
    
        :param headers:
            Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent,
            If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided,
            these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers.
    
        :param retries:
            Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a
            :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` exception.
    
            Pass ``None`` to retry until you receive a response. Pass a
            :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` object for fine-grained control
            over different types of retries.
            Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times,
            but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry.
    
            If ``False``, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised
            immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects,
            the redirect response will be returned.
    
        :type retries: :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry`, False, or an int.
    
        :param redirect:
            If True, automatically handle redirects (status codes 301, 302,
            303, 307, 308). Each redirect counts as a retry. Disabling retries
            will disable redirect, too.
    
        :param assert_same_host:
            If ``True``, will make sure that the host of the pool requests is
            consistent else will raise HostChangedError. When ``False``, you can
            use the pool on an HTTP proxy and request foreign hosts.
    
        :param timeout:
            If specified, overrides the default timeout for this one
            request. It may be a float (in seconds) or an instance of
            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`.
    
        :param pool_timeout:
            If set and the pool is set to block=True, then this method will
            block for ``pool_timeout`` seconds and raise EmptyPoolError if no
            connection is available within the time period.
    
        :param release_conn:
            If False, then the urlopen call will not release the connection
            back into the pool once a response is received (but will release if
            you read the entire contents of the response such as when
            `preload_content=True`). This is useful if you're not preloading
            the response's content immediately. You will need to call
            ``r.release_conn()`` on the response ``r`` to return the connection
            back into the pool. If None, it takes the value of
            ``response_kw.get('preload_content', True)``.
    
        :param chunked:
            If True, urllib3 will send the body using chunked transfer
            encoding. Otherwise, urllib3 will send the body using the standard
            content-length form. Defaults to False.
    
        :param int body_pos:
            Position to seek to in file-like body in the event of a retry or
            redirect. Typically this won't need to be set because urllib3 will
            auto-populate the value when needed.
    
        :param \\**response_kw:
            Additional parameters are passed to
            :meth:`urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.from_httplib`
        """
    
        parsed_url = parse_url(url)
        destination_scheme = parsed_url.scheme
    
        if headers is None:
            headers = self.headers
    
        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
    
        if release_conn is None:
            release_conn = response_kw.get("preload_content", True)
    
        # Check host
        if assert_same_host and not self.is_same_host(url):
            raise HostChangedError(self, url, retries)
    
        # Ensure that the URL we're connecting to is properly encoded
        if url.startswith("/"):
            url = six.ensure_str(_encode_target(url))
        else:
            url = six.ensure_str(parsed_url.url)
    
        conn = None
    
        # Track whether `conn` needs to be released before
        # returning/raising/recursing. Update this variable if necessary, and
        # leave `release_conn` constant throughout the function. That way, if
        # the function recurses, the original value of `release_conn` will be
        # passed down into the recursive call, and its value will be respected.
        #
        # See issue #651 [1] for details.
        #
        # [1] <https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/651>
        release_this_conn = release_conn
    
        http_tunnel_required = connection_requires_http_tunnel(
            self.proxy, self.proxy_config, destination_scheme
        )
    
        # Merge the proxy headers. Only done when not using HTTP CONNECT. We
        # have to copy the headers dict so we can safely change it without those
        # changes being reflected in anyone else's copy.
        if not http_tunnel_required:
            headers = headers.copy()
            headers.update(self.proxy_headers)
    
        # Must keep the exception bound to a separate variable or else Python 3
        # complains about UnboundLocalError.
        err = None
    
        # Keep track of whether we cleanly exited the except block. This
        # ensures we do proper cleanup in finally.
        clean_exit = False
    
        # Rewind body position, if needed. Record current position
        # for future rewinds in the event of a redirect/retry.
        body_pos = set_file_position(body, body_pos)
    
        try:
            # Request a connection from the queue.
            timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
            conn = self._get_conn(timeout=pool_timeout)
    
            conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
    
            is_new_proxy_conn = self.proxy is not None and not getattr(
                conn, "sock", None
            )
            if is_new_proxy_conn and http_tunnel_required:
                self._prepare_proxy(conn)
    
            # Make the request on the httplib connection object.
            httplib_response = self._make_request(
                conn,
                method,
                url,
                timeout=timeout_obj,
                body=body,
                headers=headers,
                chunked=chunked,
            )
    
            # If we're going to release the connection in ``finally:``, then
            # the response doesn't need to know about the connection. Otherwise
            # it will also try to release it and we'll have a double-release
            # mess.
            response_conn = conn if not release_conn else None
    
            # Pass method to Response for length checking
            response_kw["request_method"] = method
    
            # Import httplib's response into our own wrapper object
            response = self.ResponseCls.from_httplib(
                httplib_response,
                pool=self,
                connection=response_conn,
                retries=retries,
                **response_kw
            )
    
            # Everything went great!
            clean_exit = True
    
        except EmptyPoolError:
            # Didn't get a connection from the pool, no need to clean up
            clean_exit = True
            release_this_conn = False
            raise
    
        except (
            TimeoutError,
            HTTPException,
            SocketError,
            ProtocolError,
            BaseSSLError,
            SSLError,
            CertificateError,
        ) as e:
            # Discard the connection for these exceptions. It will be
            # replaced during the next _get_conn() call.
            clean_exit = False
    
            def _is_ssl_error_message_from_http_proxy(ssl_error):
                # We're trying to detect the message 'WRONG_VERSION_NUMBER' but
                # SSLErrors are kinda all over the place when it comes to the message,
                # so we try to cover our bases here!
                message = " ".join(re.split("[^a-z]", str(ssl_error).lower()))
                return (
                    "wrong version number" in message or "unknown protocol" in message
                )
    
            # Try to detect a common user error with proxies which is to
            # set an HTTP proxy to be HTTPS when it should be 'http://'
            # (ie {'http': 'http://proxy', 'https': 'https://proxy'})
            # Instead we add a nice error message and point to a URL.
            if (
                isinstance(e, BaseSSLError)
                and self.proxy
                and _is_ssl_error_message_from_http_proxy(e)
                and conn.proxy
                and conn.proxy.scheme == "https"
            ):
                e = ProxyError(
                    "Your proxy appears to only use HTTP and not HTTPS, "
                    "try changing your proxy URL to be HTTP. See: "
                    "https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/1.26.x/advanced-usage.html"
                    "#https-proxy-error-http-proxy",
                    SSLError(e),
                )
            elif isinstance(e, (BaseSSLError, CertificateError)):
                e = SSLError(e)
            elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, NewConnectionError)) and self.proxy:
                e = ProxyError("Cannot connect to proxy.", e)
            elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, HTTPException)):
                e = ProtocolError("Connection aborted.", e)
    
>           retries = retries.increment(
                method, url, error=e, _pool=self, _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2]
            )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:787: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=False, redirect=None, status=None)
method = 'POST', url = '/execute', response = None
error = NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00941b650>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused')
_pool = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa00941b190>
_stacktrace = <traceback object at 0x7fa009418940>

    def increment(
        self,
        method=None,
        url=None,
        response=None,
        error=None,
        _pool=None,
        _stacktrace=None,
    ):
        """Return a new Retry object with incremented retry counters.
    
        :param response: A response object, or None, if the server did not
            return a response.
        :type response: :class:`~urllib3.response.HTTPResponse`
        :param Exception error: An error encountered during the request, or
            None if the response was received successfully.
    
        :return: A new ``Retry`` object.
        """
        if self.total is False and error:
            # Disabled, indicate to re-raise the error.
            raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
    
        total = self.total
        if total is not None:
            total -= 1
    
        connect = self.connect
        read = self.read
        redirect = self.redirect
        status_count = self.status
        other = self.other
        cause = "unknown"
        status = None
        redirect_location = None
    
        if error and self._is_connection_error(error):
            # Connect retry?
            if connect is False:
                raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
            elif connect is not None:
                connect -= 1
    
        elif error and self._is_read_error(error):
            # Read retry?
            if read is False or not self._is_method_retryable(method):
                raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
            elif read is not None:
                read -= 1
    
        elif error:
            # Other retry?
            if other is not None:
                other -= 1
    
        elif response and response.get_redirect_location():
            # Redirect retry?
            if redirect is not None:
                redirect -= 1
            cause = "too many redirects"
            redirect_location = response.get_redirect_location()
            status = response.status
    
        else:
            # Incrementing because of a server error like a 500 in
            # status_forcelist and the given method is in the allowed_methods
            cause = ResponseError.GENERIC_ERROR
            if response and response.status:
                if status_count is not None:
                    status_count -= 1
                cause = ResponseError.SPECIFIC_ERROR.format(status_code=response.status)
                status = response.status
    
        history = self.history + (
            RequestHistory(method, url, error, status, redirect_location),
        )
    
        new_retry = self.new(
            total=total,
            connect=connect,
            read=read,
            redirect=redirect,
            status=status_count,
            other=other,
            history=history,
        )
    
        if new_retry.is_exhausted():
>           raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, error or ResponseError(cause))
E           urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError: HTTPConnectionPool(host='localhost', port=8123): Max retries exceeded with url: /execute (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00941b650>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused'))

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/util/retry.py:592: MaxRetryError

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

base_url = 'http://localhost:8123'
expected_login_redirect = 'http://localhost:8123/login?redirect=http://localhost:8123/execute'

    def test_unauthorized_request_with_registered_user(base_url, expected_login_redirect):
        """
        After a first user has been registered any unauthenticated call to /execute should redirect to /login.
        """
>       response = send_request(authenticate=False, parse_json=False)

tests/test_http.py:50: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 
tests/test_http.py:17: in send_request
    return _send_request('shell.exec', args={'cmd': 'echo ping'}, **kwargs)
tests/utils.py:60: in send_request
    response = requests.post(
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/api.py:115: in post
    return request("post", url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/api.py:59: in request
    return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/sessions.py:587: in request
    resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/sessions.py:701: in send
    r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter object at 0x7fa009419d90>
request = <PreparedRequest [POST]>, stream = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), verify = True
cert = None, proxies = OrderedDict()

    def send(
        self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None
    ):
        """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
    
        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
        :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
        :type timeout: float or tuple or urllib3 Timeout object
        :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether
            we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it
            must be a path to a CA bundle to use
        :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
        :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
        :rtype: requests.Response
        """
    
        try:
            conn = self.get_connection(request.url, proxies)
        except LocationValueError as e:
            raise InvalidURL(e, request=request)
    
        self.cert_verify(conn, request.url, verify, cert)
        url = self.request_url(request, proxies)
        self.add_headers(
            request,
            stream=stream,
            timeout=timeout,
            verify=verify,
            cert=cert,
            proxies=proxies,
        )
    
        chunked = not (request.body is None or "Content-Length" in request.headers)
    
        if isinstance(timeout, tuple):
            try:
                connect, read = timeout
                timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read)
            except ValueError:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Invalid timeout {timeout}. Pass a (connect, read) timeout tuple, "
                    f"or a single float to set both timeouts to the same value."
                )
        elif isinstance(timeout, TimeoutSauce):
            pass
        else:
            timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout)
    
        try:
            if not chunked:
                resp = conn.urlopen(
                    method=request.method,
                    url=url,
                    body=request.body,
                    headers=request.headers,
                    redirect=False,
                    assert_same_host=False,
                    preload_content=False,
                    decode_content=False,
                    retries=self.max_retries,
                    timeout=timeout,
                )
    
            # Send the request.
            else:
                if hasattr(conn, "proxy_pool"):
                    conn = conn.proxy_pool
    
                low_conn = conn._get_conn(timeout=DEFAULT_POOL_TIMEOUT)
    
                try:
                    skip_host = "Host" in request.headers
                    low_conn.putrequest(
                        request.method,
                        url,
                        skip_accept_encoding=True,
                        skip_host=skip_host,
                    )
    
                    for header, value in request.headers.items():
                        low_conn.putheader(header, value)
    
                    low_conn.endheaders()
    
                    for i in request.body:
                        low_conn.send(hex(len(i))[2:].encode("utf-8"))
                        low_conn.send(b"\r\n")
                        low_conn.send(i)
                        low_conn.send(b"\r\n")
                    low_conn.send(b"0\r\n\r\n")
    
                    # Receive the response from the server
                    r = low_conn.getresponse()
    
                    resp = HTTPResponse.from_httplib(
                        r,
                        pool=conn,
                        connection=low_conn,
                        preload_content=False,
                        decode_content=False,
                    )
                except Exception:
                    # If we hit any problems here, clean up the connection.
                    # Then, raise so that we can handle the actual exception.
                    low_conn.close()
                    raise
    
        except (ProtocolError, OSError) as err:
            raise ConnectionError(err, request=request)
    
        except MaxRetryError as e:
            if isinstance(e.reason, ConnectTimeoutError):
                # TODO: Remove this in 3.0.0: see #2811
                if not isinstance(e.reason, NewConnectionError):
                    raise ConnectTimeout(e, request=request)
    
            if isinstance(e.reason, ResponseError):
                raise RetryError(e, request=request)
    
            if isinstance(e.reason, _ProxyError):
                raise ProxyError(e, request=request)
    
            if isinstance(e.reason, _SSLError):
                # This branch is for urllib3 v1.22 and later.
                raise SSLError(e, request=request)
    
>           raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
E           requests.exceptions.ConnectionError: HTTPConnectionPool(host='localhost', port=8123): Max retries exceeded with url: /execute (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00941b650>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused'))

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/adapters.py:565: ConnectionError
_________________ test_authorized_request_with_registered_user _________________

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00977e590>

    def _new_conn(self):
        """Establish a socket connection and set nodelay settings on it.
    
        :return: New socket connection.
        """
        extra_kw = {}
        if self.source_address:
            extra_kw["source_address"] = self.source_address
    
        if self.socket_options:
            extra_kw["socket_options"] = self.socket_options
    
        try:
>           conn = connection.create_connection(
                (self._dns_host, self.port), self.timeout, **extra_kw
            )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:174: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

address = ('localhost', 8123), timeout = None, source_address = None
socket_options = [(6, 1, 1)]

    def create_connection(
        address,
        timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
        source_address=None,
        socket_options=None,
    ):
        """Connect to *address* and return the socket object.
    
        Convenience function.  Connect to *address* (a 2-tuple ``(host,
        port)``) and return the socket object.  Passing the optional
        *timeout* parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance
        before attempting to connect.  If no *timeout* is supplied, the
        global default timeout setting returned by :func:`socket.getdefaulttimeout`
        is used.  If *source_address* is set it must be a tuple of (host, port)
        for the socket to bind as a source address before making the connection.
        An host of '' or port 0 tells the OS to use the default.
        """
    
        host, port = address
        if host.startswith("["):
            host = host.strip("[]")
        err = None
    
        # Using the value from allowed_gai_family() in the context of getaddrinfo lets
        # us select whether to work with IPv4 DNS records, IPv6 records, or both.
        # The original create_connection function always returns all records.
        family = allowed_gai_family()
    
        try:
            host.encode("idna")
        except UnicodeError:
            return six.raise_from(
                LocationParseError(u"'%s', label empty or too long" % host), None
            )
    
        for res in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
            af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
            sock = None
            try:
                sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
    
                # If provided, set socket level options before connecting.
                _set_socket_options(sock, socket_options)
    
                if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
                    sock.settimeout(timeout)
                if source_address:
                    sock.bind(source_address)
                sock.connect(sa)
                return sock
    
            except socket.error as e:
                err = e
                if sock is not None:
                    sock.close()
                    sock = None
    
        if err is not None:
>           raise err

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py:95: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

address = ('localhost', 8123), timeout = None, source_address = None
socket_options = [(6, 1, 1)]

    def create_connection(
        address,
        timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
        source_address=None,
        socket_options=None,
    ):
        """Connect to *address* and return the socket object.
    
        Convenience function.  Connect to *address* (a 2-tuple ``(host,
        port)``) and return the socket object.  Passing the optional
        *timeout* parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance
        before attempting to connect.  If no *timeout* is supplied, the
        global default timeout setting returned by :func:`socket.getdefaulttimeout`
        is used.  If *source_address* is set it must be a tuple of (host, port)
        for the socket to bind as a source address before making the connection.
        An host of '' or port 0 tells the OS to use the default.
        """
    
        host, port = address
        if host.startswith("["):
            host = host.strip("[]")
        err = None
    
        # Using the value from allowed_gai_family() in the context of getaddrinfo lets
        # us select whether to work with IPv4 DNS records, IPv6 records, or both.
        # The original create_connection function always returns all records.
        family = allowed_gai_family()
    
        try:
            host.encode("idna")
        except UnicodeError:
            return six.raise_from(
                LocationParseError(u"'%s', label empty or too long" % host), None
            )
    
        for res in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
            af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
            sock = None
            try:
                sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
    
                # If provided, set socket level options before connecting.
                _set_socket_options(sock, socket_options)
    
                if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
                    sock.settimeout(timeout)
                if source_address:
                    sock.bind(source_address)
>               sock.connect(sa)
E               ConnectionRefusedError: [Errno 111] Connection refused

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py:85: ConnectionRefusedError

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

self = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa00977e410>
method = 'POST', url = '/execute'
body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '73', 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Authorization': 'Basic cGxhdHlwdXNoOnRlc3Q='}
retries = Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=False, redirect=None, status=None)
redirect = False, assert_same_host = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), pool_timeout = None
release_conn = False, chunked = False, body_pos = None
response_kw = {'decode_content': False, 'preload_content': False}
parsed_url = Url(scheme=None, auth=None, host=None, port=None, path='/execute', query=None, fragment=None)
destination_scheme = None, conn = None, release_this_conn = True
http_tunnel_required = False, err = None, clean_exit = False

    def urlopen(
        self,
        method,
        url,
        body=None,
        headers=None,
        retries=None,
        redirect=True,
        assert_same_host=True,
        timeout=_Default,
        pool_timeout=None,
        release_conn=None,
        chunked=False,
        body_pos=None,
        **response_kw
    ):
        """
        Get a connection from the pool and perform an HTTP request. This is the
        lowest level call for making a request, so you'll need to specify all
        the raw details.
    
        .. note::
    
           More commonly, it's appropriate to use a convenience method provided
           by :class:`.RequestMethods`, such as :meth:`request`.
    
        .. note::
    
           `release_conn` will only behave as expected if
           `preload_content=False` because we want to make
           `preload_content=False` the default behaviour someday soon without
           breaking backwards compatibility.
    
        :param method:
            HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.)
    
        :param url:
            The URL to perform the request on.
    
        :param body:
            Data to send in the request body, either :class:`str`, :class:`bytes`,
            an iterable of :class:`str`/:class:`bytes`, or a file-like object.
    
        :param headers:
            Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent,
            If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided,
            these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers.
    
        :param retries:
            Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a
            :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` exception.
    
            Pass ``None`` to retry until you receive a response. Pass a
            :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` object for fine-grained control
            over different types of retries.
            Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times,
            but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry.
    
            If ``False``, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised
            immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects,
            the redirect response will be returned.
    
        :type retries: :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry`, False, or an int.
    
        :param redirect:
            If True, automatically handle redirects (status codes 301, 302,
            303, 307, 308). Each redirect counts as a retry. Disabling retries
            will disable redirect, too.
    
        :param assert_same_host:
            If ``True``, will make sure that the host of the pool requests is
            consistent else will raise HostChangedError. When ``False``, you can
            use the pool on an HTTP proxy and request foreign hosts.
    
        :param timeout:
            If specified, overrides the default timeout for this one
            request. It may be a float (in seconds) or an instance of
            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`.
    
        :param pool_timeout:
            If set and the pool is set to block=True, then this method will
            block for ``pool_timeout`` seconds and raise EmptyPoolError if no
            connection is available within the time period.
    
        :param release_conn:
            If False, then the urlopen call will not release the connection
            back into the pool once a response is received (but will release if
            you read the entire contents of the response such as when
            `preload_content=True`). This is useful if you're not preloading
            the response's content immediately. You will need to call
            ``r.release_conn()`` on the response ``r`` to return the connection
            back into the pool. If None, it takes the value of
            ``response_kw.get('preload_content', True)``.
    
        :param chunked:
            If True, urllib3 will send the body using chunked transfer
            encoding. Otherwise, urllib3 will send the body using the standard
            content-length form. Defaults to False.
    
        :param int body_pos:
            Position to seek to in file-like body in the event of a retry or
            redirect. Typically this won't need to be set because urllib3 will
            auto-populate the value when needed.
    
        :param \\**response_kw:
            Additional parameters are passed to
            :meth:`urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.from_httplib`
        """
    
        parsed_url = parse_url(url)
        destination_scheme = parsed_url.scheme
    
        if headers is None:
            headers = self.headers
    
        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
    
        if release_conn is None:
            release_conn = response_kw.get("preload_content", True)
    
        # Check host
        if assert_same_host and not self.is_same_host(url):
            raise HostChangedError(self, url, retries)
    
        # Ensure that the URL we're connecting to is properly encoded
        if url.startswith("/"):
            url = six.ensure_str(_encode_target(url))
        else:
            url = six.ensure_str(parsed_url.url)
    
        conn = None
    
        # Track whether `conn` needs to be released before
        # returning/raising/recursing. Update this variable if necessary, and
        # leave `release_conn` constant throughout the function. That way, if
        # the function recurses, the original value of `release_conn` will be
        # passed down into the recursive call, and its value will be respected.
        #
        # See issue #651 [1] for details.
        #
        # [1] <https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/651>
        release_this_conn = release_conn
    
        http_tunnel_required = connection_requires_http_tunnel(
            self.proxy, self.proxy_config, destination_scheme
        )
    
        # Merge the proxy headers. Only done when not using HTTP CONNECT. We
        # have to copy the headers dict so we can safely change it without those
        # changes being reflected in anyone else's copy.
        if not http_tunnel_required:
            headers = headers.copy()
            headers.update(self.proxy_headers)
    
        # Must keep the exception bound to a separate variable or else Python 3
        # complains about UnboundLocalError.
        err = None
    
        # Keep track of whether we cleanly exited the except block. This
        # ensures we do proper cleanup in finally.
        clean_exit = False
    
        # Rewind body position, if needed. Record current position
        # for future rewinds in the event of a redirect/retry.
        body_pos = set_file_position(body, body_pos)
    
        try:
            # Request a connection from the queue.
            timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
            conn = self._get_conn(timeout=pool_timeout)
    
            conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
    
            is_new_proxy_conn = self.proxy is not None and not getattr(
                conn, "sock", None
            )
            if is_new_proxy_conn and http_tunnel_required:
                self._prepare_proxy(conn)
    
            # Make the request on the httplib connection object.
>           httplib_response = self._make_request(
                conn,
                method,
                url,
                timeout=timeout_obj,
                body=body,
                headers=headers,
                chunked=chunked,
            )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:703: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa00977e410>
conn = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00977e590>
method = 'POST', url = '/execute'
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), chunked = False
httplib_request_kw = {'body': b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}', 'headers': {'User-Agent': 'pyth...eep-alive', 'Content-Length': '73', 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Authorization': 'Basic cGxhdHlwdXNoOnRlc3Q='}}
timeout_obj = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None)

    def _make_request(
        self, conn, method, url, timeout=_Default, chunked=False, **httplib_request_kw
    ):
        """
        Perform a request on a given urllib connection object taken from our
        pool.
    
        :param conn:
            a connection from one of our connection pools
    
        :param timeout:
            Socket timeout in seconds for the request. This can be a
            float or integer, which will set the same timeout value for
            the socket connect and the socket read, or an instance of
            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`, which gives you more fine-grained
            control over your timeouts.
        """
        self.num_requests += 1
    
        timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
        timeout_obj.start_connect()
        conn.timeout = Timeout.resolve_default_timeout(timeout_obj.connect_timeout)
    
        # Trigger any extra validation we need to do.
        try:
            self._validate_conn(conn)
        except (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError) as e:
            # Py2 raises this as a BaseSSLError, Py3 raises it as socket timeout.
            self._raise_timeout(err=e, url=url, timeout_value=conn.timeout)
            raise
    
        # conn.request() calls http.client.*.request, not the method in
        # urllib3.request. It also calls makefile (recv) on the socket.
        try:
            if chunked:
                conn.request_chunked(method, url, **httplib_request_kw)
            else:
>               conn.request(method, url, **httplib_request_kw)

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:398: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00977e590>
method = 'POST', url = '/execute'
body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '73', 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Authorization': 'Basic cGxhdHlwdXNoOnRlc3Q='}

    def request(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None):
        # Update the inner socket's timeout value to send the request.
        # This only triggers if the connection is re-used.
        if getattr(self, "sock", None) is not None:
            self.sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
    
        if headers is None:
            headers = {}
        else:
            # Avoid modifying the headers passed into .request()
            headers = headers.copy()
        if "user-agent" not in (six.ensure_str(k.lower()) for k in headers):
            headers["User-Agent"] = _get_default_user_agent()
>       super(HTTPConnection, self).request(method, url, body=body, headers=headers)

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:244: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00977e590>
method = 'POST', url = '/execute'
body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '73', 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Authorization': 'Basic cGxhdHlwdXNoOnRlc3Q='}

    def request(self, method, url, body=None, headers={}, *,
                encode_chunked=False):
        """Send a complete request to the server."""
>       self._send_request(method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1283: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00977e590>
method = 'POST', url = '/execute'
body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '73', 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Authorization': 'Basic cGxhdHlwdXNoOnRlc3Q='}
encode_chunked = False

    def _send_request(self, method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked):
        # Honor explicitly requested Host: and Accept-Encoding: headers.
        header_names = frozenset(k.lower() for k in headers)
        skips = {}
        if 'host' in header_names:
            skips['skip_host'] = 1
        if 'accept-encoding' in header_names:
            skips['skip_accept_encoding'] = 1
    
        self.putrequest(method, url, **skips)
    
        # chunked encoding will happen if HTTP/1.1 is used and either
        # the caller passes encode_chunked=True or the following
        # conditions hold:
        # 1. content-length has not been explicitly set
        # 2. the body is a file or iterable, but not a str or bytes-like
        # 3. Transfer-Encoding has NOT been explicitly set by the caller
    
        if 'content-length' not in header_names:
            # only chunk body if not explicitly set for backwards
            # compatibility, assuming the client code is already handling the
            # chunking
            if 'transfer-encoding' not in header_names:
                # if content-length cannot be automatically determined, fall
                # back to chunked encoding
                encode_chunked = False
                content_length = self._get_content_length(body, method)
                if content_length is None:
                    if body is not None:
                        if self.debuglevel > 0:
                            print('Unable to determine size of %r' % body)
                        encode_chunked = True
                        self.putheader('Transfer-Encoding', 'chunked')
                else:
                    self.putheader('Content-Length', str(content_length))
        else:
            encode_chunked = False
    
        for hdr, value in headers.items():
            self.putheader(hdr, value)
        if isinstance(body, str):
            # RFC 2616 Section 3.7.1 says that text default has a
            # default charset of iso-8859-1.
            body = _encode(body, 'body')
>       self.endheaders(body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1329: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00977e590>
message_body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'

    def endheaders(self, message_body=None, *, encode_chunked=False):
        """Indicate that the last header line has been sent to the server.
    
        This method sends the request to the server.  The optional message_body
        argument can be used to pass a message body associated with the
        request.
        """
        if self.__state == _CS_REQ_STARTED:
            self.__state = _CS_REQ_SENT
        else:
            raise CannotSendHeader()
>       self._send_output(message_body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1278: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00977e590>
message_body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'
encode_chunked = False

    def _send_output(self, message_body=None, encode_chunked=False):
        """Send the currently buffered request and clear the buffer.
    
        Appends an extra \\r\\n to the buffer.
        A message_body may be specified, to be appended to the request.
        """
        self._buffer.extend((b"", b""))
        msg = b"\r\n".join(self._buffer)
        del self._buffer[:]
>       self.send(msg)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1038: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00977e590>
data = b'POST /execute HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: localhost:8123\r\nUser-Agent: python-requests/2.28.2\r\nAccept-Encoding: gzip, defla...eep-alive\r\nContent-Length: 73\r\nContent-Type: application/json\r\nAuthorization: Basic cGxhdHlwdXNoOnRlc3Q=\r\n\r\n'

    def send(self, data):
        """Send `data' to the server.
        ``data`` can be a string object, a bytes object, an array object, a
        file-like object that supports a .read() method, or an iterable object.
        """
    
        if self.sock is None:
            if self.auto_open:
>               self.connect()

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:976: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00977e590>

    def connect(self):
>       conn = self._new_conn()

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:205: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00977e590>

    def _new_conn(self):
        """Establish a socket connection and set nodelay settings on it.
    
        :return: New socket connection.
        """
        extra_kw = {}
        if self.source_address:
            extra_kw["source_address"] = self.source_address
    
        if self.socket_options:
            extra_kw["socket_options"] = self.socket_options
    
        try:
            conn = connection.create_connection(
                (self._dns_host, self.port), self.timeout, **extra_kw
            )
    
        except SocketTimeout:
            raise ConnectTimeoutError(
                self,
                "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)"
                % (self.host, self.timeout),
            )
    
        except SocketError as e:
>           raise NewConnectionError(
                self, "Failed to establish a new connection: %s" % e
            )
E           urllib3.exceptions.NewConnectionError: <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00977e590>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:186: NewConnectionError

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

self = <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter object at 0x7fa00977d190>
request = <PreparedRequest [POST]>, stream = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), verify = True
cert = None, proxies = OrderedDict()

    def send(
        self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None
    ):
        """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
    
        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
        :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
        :type timeout: float or tuple or urllib3 Timeout object
        :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether
            we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it
            must be a path to a CA bundle to use
        :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
        :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
        :rtype: requests.Response
        """
    
        try:
            conn = self.get_connection(request.url, proxies)
        except LocationValueError as e:
            raise InvalidURL(e, request=request)
    
        self.cert_verify(conn, request.url, verify, cert)
        url = self.request_url(request, proxies)
        self.add_headers(
            request,
            stream=stream,
            timeout=timeout,
            verify=verify,
            cert=cert,
            proxies=proxies,
        )
    
        chunked = not (request.body is None or "Content-Length" in request.headers)
    
        if isinstance(timeout, tuple):
            try:
                connect, read = timeout
                timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read)
            except ValueError:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Invalid timeout {timeout}. Pass a (connect, read) timeout tuple, "
                    f"or a single float to set both timeouts to the same value."
                )
        elif isinstance(timeout, TimeoutSauce):
            pass
        else:
            timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout)
    
        try:
            if not chunked:
>               resp = conn.urlopen(
                    method=request.method,
                    url=url,
                    body=request.body,
                    headers=request.headers,
                    redirect=False,
                    assert_same_host=False,
                    preload_content=False,
                    decode_content=False,
                    retries=self.max_retries,
                    timeout=timeout,
                )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/adapters.py:489: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa00977e410>
method = 'POST', url = '/execute'
body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '73', 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Authorization': 'Basic cGxhdHlwdXNoOnRlc3Q='}
retries = Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=False, redirect=None, status=None)
redirect = False, assert_same_host = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), pool_timeout = None
release_conn = False, chunked = False, body_pos = None
response_kw = {'decode_content': False, 'preload_content': False}
parsed_url = Url(scheme=None, auth=None, host=None, port=None, path='/execute', query=None, fragment=None)
destination_scheme = None, conn = None, release_this_conn = True
http_tunnel_required = False, err = None, clean_exit = False

    def urlopen(
        self,
        method,
        url,
        body=None,
        headers=None,
        retries=None,
        redirect=True,
        assert_same_host=True,
        timeout=_Default,
        pool_timeout=None,
        release_conn=None,
        chunked=False,
        body_pos=None,
        **response_kw
    ):
        """
        Get a connection from the pool and perform an HTTP request. This is the
        lowest level call for making a request, so you'll need to specify all
        the raw details.
    
        .. note::
    
           More commonly, it's appropriate to use a convenience method provided
           by :class:`.RequestMethods`, such as :meth:`request`.
    
        .. note::
    
           `release_conn` will only behave as expected if
           `preload_content=False` because we want to make
           `preload_content=False` the default behaviour someday soon without
           breaking backwards compatibility.
    
        :param method:
            HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.)
    
        :param url:
            The URL to perform the request on.
    
        :param body:
            Data to send in the request body, either :class:`str`, :class:`bytes`,
            an iterable of :class:`str`/:class:`bytes`, or a file-like object.
    
        :param headers:
            Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent,
            If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided,
            these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers.
    
        :param retries:
            Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a
            :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` exception.
    
            Pass ``None`` to retry until you receive a response. Pass a
            :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` object for fine-grained control
            over different types of retries.
            Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times,
            but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry.
    
            If ``False``, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised
            immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects,
            the redirect response will be returned.
    
        :type retries: :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry`, False, or an int.
    
        :param redirect:
            If True, automatically handle redirects (status codes 301, 302,
            303, 307, 308). Each redirect counts as a retry. Disabling retries
            will disable redirect, too.
    
        :param assert_same_host:
            If ``True``, will make sure that the host of the pool requests is
            consistent else will raise HostChangedError. When ``False``, you can
            use the pool on an HTTP proxy and request foreign hosts.
    
        :param timeout:
            If specified, overrides the default timeout for this one
            request. It may be a float (in seconds) or an instance of
            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`.
    
        :param pool_timeout:
            If set and the pool is set to block=True, then this method will
            block for ``pool_timeout`` seconds and raise EmptyPoolError if no
            connection is available within the time period.
    
        :param release_conn:
            If False, then the urlopen call will not release the connection
            back into the pool once a response is received (but will release if
            you read the entire contents of the response such as when
            `preload_content=True`). This is useful if you're not preloading
            the response's content immediately. You will need to call
            ``r.release_conn()`` on the response ``r`` to return the connection
            back into the pool. If None, it takes the value of
            ``response_kw.get('preload_content', True)``.
    
        :param chunked:
            If True, urllib3 will send the body using chunked transfer
            encoding. Otherwise, urllib3 will send the body using the standard
            content-length form. Defaults to False.
    
        :param int body_pos:
            Position to seek to in file-like body in the event of a retry or
            redirect. Typically this won't need to be set because urllib3 will
            auto-populate the value when needed.
    
        :param \\**response_kw:
            Additional parameters are passed to
            :meth:`urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.from_httplib`
        """
    
        parsed_url = parse_url(url)
        destination_scheme = parsed_url.scheme
    
        if headers is None:
            headers = self.headers
    
        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
    
        if release_conn is None:
            release_conn = response_kw.get("preload_content", True)
    
        # Check host
        if assert_same_host and not self.is_same_host(url):
            raise HostChangedError(self, url, retries)
    
        # Ensure that the URL we're connecting to is properly encoded
        if url.startswith("/"):
            url = six.ensure_str(_encode_target(url))
        else:
            url = six.ensure_str(parsed_url.url)
    
        conn = None
    
        # Track whether `conn` needs to be released before
        # returning/raising/recursing. Update this variable if necessary, and
        # leave `release_conn` constant throughout the function. That way, if
        # the function recurses, the original value of `release_conn` will be
        # passed down into the recursive call, and its value will be respected.
        #
        # See issue #651 [1] for details.
        #
        # [1] <https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/651>
        release_this_conn = release_conn
    
        http_tunnel_required = connection_requires_http_tunnel(
            self.proxy, self.proxy_config, destination_scheme
        )
    
        # Merge the proxy headers. Only done when not using HTTP CONNECT. We
        # have to copy the headers dict so we can safely change it without those
        # changes being reflected in anyone else's copy.
        if not http_tunnel_required:
            headers = headers.copy()
            headers.update(self.proxy_headers)
    
        # Must keep the exception bound to a separate variable or else Python 3
        # complains about UnboundLocalError.
        err = None
    
        # Keep track of whether we cleanly exited the except block. This
        # ensures we do proper cleanup in finally.
        clean_exit = False
    
        # Rewind body position, if needed. Record current position
        # for future rewinds in the event of a redirect/retry.
        body_pos = set_file_position(body, body_pos)
    
        try:
            # Request a connection from the queue.
            timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
            conn = self._get_conn(timeout=pool_timeout)
    
            conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
    
            is_new_proxy_conn = self.proxy is not None and not getattr(
                conn, "sock", None
            )
            if is_new_proxy_conn and http_tunnel_required:
                self._prepare_proxy(conn)
    
            # Make the request on the httplib connection object.
            httplib_response = self._make_request(
                conn,
                method,
                url,
                timeout=timeout_obj,
                body=body,
                headers=headers,
                chunked=chunked,
            )
    
            # If we're going to release the connection in ``finally:``, then
            # the response doesn't need to know about the connection. Otherwise
            # it will also try to release it and we'll have a double-release
            # mess.
            response_conn = conn if not release_conn else None
    
            # Pass method to Response for length checking
            response_kw["request_method"] = method
    
            # Import httplib's response into our own wrapper object
            response = self.ResponseCls.from_httplib(
                httplib_response,
                pool=self,
                connection=response_conn,
                retries=retries,
                **response_kw
            )
    
            # Everything went great!
            clean_exit = True
    
        except EmptyPoolError:
            # Didn't get a connection from the pool, no need to clean up
            clean_exit = True
            release_this_conn = False
            raise
    
        except (
            TimeoutError,
            HTTPException,
            SocketError,
            ProtocolError,
            BaseSSLError,
            SSLError,
            CertificateError,
        ) as e:
            # Discard the connection for these exceptions. It will be
            # replaced during the next _get_conn() call.
            clean_exit = False
    
            def _is_ssl_error_message_from_http_proxy(ssl_error):
                # We're trying to detect the message 'WRONG_VERSION_NUMBER' but
                # SSLErrors are kinda all over the place when it comes to the message,
                # so we try to cover our bases here!
                message = " ".join(re.split("[^a-z]", str(ssl_error).lower()))
                return (
                    "wrong version number" in message or "unknown protocol" in message
                )
    
            # Try to detect a common user error with proxies which is to
            # set an HTTP proxy to be HTTPS when it should be 'http://'
            # (ie {'http': 'http://proxy', 'https': 'https://proxy'})
            # Instead we add a nice error message and point to a URL.
            if (
                isinstance(e, BaseSSLError)
                and self.proxy
                and _is_ssl_error_message_from_http_proxy(e)
                and conn.proxy
                and conn.proxy.scheme == "https"
            ):
                e = ProxyError(
                    "Your proxy appears to only use HTTP and not HTTPS, "
                    "try changing your proxy URL to be HTTP. See: "
                    "https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/1.26.x/advanced-usage.html"
                    "#https-proxy-error-http-proxy",
                    SSLError(e),
                )
            elif isinstance(e, (BaseSSLError, CertificateError)):
                e = SSLError(e)
            elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, NewConnectionError)) and self.proxy:
                e = ProxyError("Cannot connect to proxy.", e)
            elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, HTTPException)):
                e = ProtocolError("Connection aborted.", e)
    
>           retries = retries.increment(
                method, url, error=e, _pool=self, _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2]
            )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:787: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=False, redirect=None, status=None)
method = 'POST', url = '/execute', response = None
error = NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00977e590>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused')
_pool = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa00977e410>
_stacktrace = <traceback object at 0x7fa00977f800>

    def increment(
        self,
        method=None,
        url=None,
        response=None,
        error=None,
        _pool=None,
        _stacktrace=None,
    ):
        """Return a new Retry object with incremented retry counters.
    
        :param response: A response object, or None, if the server did not
            return a response.
        :type response: :class:`~urllib3.response.HTTPResponse`
        :param Exception error: An error encountered during the request, or
            None if the response was received successfully.
    
        :return: A new ``Retry`` object.
        """
        if self.total is False and error:
            # Disabled, indicate to re-raise the error.
            raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
    
        total = self.total
        if total is not None:
            total -= 1
    
        connect = self.connect
        read = self.read
        redirect = self.redirect
        status_count = self.status
        other = self.other
        cause = "unknown"
        status = None
        redirect_location = None
    
        if error and self._is_connection_error(error):
            # Connect retry?
            if connect is False:
                raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
            elif connect is not None:
                connect -= 1
    
        elif error and self._is_read_error(error):
            # Read retry?
            if read is False or not self._is_method_retryable(method):
                raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
            elif read is not None:
                read -= 1
    
        elif error:
            # Other retry?
            if other is not None:
                other -= 1
    
        elif response and response.get_redirect_location():
            # Redirect retry?
            if redirect is not None:
                redirect -= 1
            cause = "too many redirects"
            redirect_location = response.get_redirect_location()
            status = response.status
    
        else:
            # Incrementing because of a server error like a 500 in
            # status_forcelist and the given method is in the allowed_methods
            cause = ResponseError.GENERIC_ERROR
            if response and response.status:
                if status_count is not None:
                    status_count -= 1
                cause = ResponseError.SPECIFIC_ERROR.format(status_code=response.status)
                status = response.status
    
        history = self.history + (
            RequestHistory(method, url, error, status, redirect_location),
        )
    
        new_retry = self.new(
            total=total,
            connect=connect,
            read=read,
            redirect=redirect,
            status=status_count,
            other=other,
            history=history,
        )
    
        if new_retry.is_exhausted():
>           raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, error or ResponseError(cause))
E           urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError: HTTPConnectionPool(host='localhost', port=8123): Max retries exceeded with url: /execute (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00977e590>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused'))

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/util/retry.py:592: MaxRetryError

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

base_url = 'http://localhost:8123'

    def test_authorized_request_with_registered_user(base_url):
        # A request authenticated with user/pass should succeed.
>       response = send_request(authenticate=True)

tests/test_http.py:59: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 
tests/test_http.py:17: in send_request
    return _send_request('shell.exec', args={'cmd': 'echo ping'}, **kwargs)
tests/utils.py:60: in send_request
    response = requests.post(
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/api.py:115: in post
    return request("post", url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/api.py:59: in request
    return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/sessions.py:587: in request
    resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/sessions.py:701: in send
    r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter object at 0x7fa00977d190>
request = <PreparedRequest [POST]>, stream = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), verify = True
cert = None, proxies = OrderedDict()

    def send(
        self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None
    ):
        """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
    
        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
        :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
        :type timeout: float or tuple or urllib3 Timeout object
        :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether
            we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it
            must be a path to a CA bundle to use
        :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
        :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
        :rtype: requests.Response
        """
    
        try:
            conn = self.get_connection(request.url, proxies)
        except LocationValueError as e:
            raise InvalidURL(e, request=request)
    
        self.cert_verify(conn, request.url, verify, cert)
        url = self.request_url(request, proxies)
        self.add_headers(
            request,
            stream=stream,
            timeout=timeout,
            verify=verify,
            cert=cert,
            proxies=proxies,
        )
    
        chunked = not (request.body is None or "Content-Length" in request.headers)
    
        if isinstance(timeout, tuple):
            try:
                connect, read = timeout
                timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read)
            except ValueError:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Invalid timeout {timeout}. Pass a (connect, read) timeout tuple, "
                    f"or a single float to set both timeouts to the same value."
                )
        elif isinstance(timeout, TimeoutSauce):
            pass
        else:
            timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout)
    
        try:
            if not chunked:
                resp = conn.urlopen(
                    method=request.method,
                    url=url,
                    body=request.body,
                    headers=request.headers,
                    redirect=False,
                    assert_same_host=False,
                    preload_content=False,
                    decode_content=False,
                    retries=self.max_retries,
                    timeout=timeout,
                )
    
            # Send the request.
            else:
                if hasattr(conn, "proxy_pool"):
                    conn = conn.proxy_pool
    
                low_conn = conn._get_conn(timeout=DEFAULT_POOL_TIMEOUT)
    
                try:
                    skip_host = "Host" in request.headers
                    low_conn.putrequest(
                        request.method,
                        url,
                        skip_accept_encoding=True,
                        skip_host=skip_host,
                    )
    
                    for header, value in request.headers.items():
                        low_conn.putheader(header, value)
    
                    low_conn.endheaders()
    
                    for i in request.body:
                        low_conn.send(hex(len(i))[2:].encode("utf-8"))
                        low_conn.send(b"\r\n")
                        low_conn.send(i)
                        low_conn.send(b"\r\n")
                    low_conn.send(b"0\r\n\r\n")
    
                    # Receive the response from the server
                    r = low_conn.getresponse()
    
                    resp = HTTPResponse.from_httplib(
                        r,
                        pool=conn,
                        connection=low_conn,
                        preload_content=False,
                        decode_content=False,
                    )
                except Exception:
                    # If we hit any problems here, clean up the connection.
                    # Then, raise so that we can handle the actual exception.
                    low_conn.close()
                    raise
    
        except (ProtocolError, OSError) as err:
            raise ConnectionError(err, request=request)
    
        except MaxRetryError as e:
            if isinstance(e.reason, ConnectTimeoutError):
                # TODO: Remove this in 3.0.0: see #2811
                if not isinstance(e.reason, NewConnectionError):
                    raise ConnectTimeout(e, request=request)
    
            if isinstance(e.reason, ResponseError):
                raise RetryError(e, request=request)
    
            if isinstance(e.reason, _ProxyError):
                raise ProxyError(e, request=request)
    
            if isinstance(e.reason, _SSLError):
                # This branch is for urllib3 v1.22 and later.
                raise SSLError(e, request=request)
    
>           raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
E           requests.exceptions.ConnectionError: HTTPConnectionPool(host='localhost', port=8123): Max retries exceeded with url: /execute (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00977e590>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused'))

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/adapters.py:565: ConnectionError
_____________________ test_request_with_wrong_credentials ______________________

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00996b350>

    def _new_conn(self):
        """Establish a socket connection and set nodelay settings on it.
    
        :return: New socket connection.
        """
        extra_kw = {}
        if self.source_address:
            extra_kw["source_address"] = self.source_address
    
        if self.socket_options:
            extra_kw["socket_options"] = self.socket_options
    
        try:
>           conn = connection.create_connection(
                (self._dns_host, self.port), self.timeout, **extra_kw
            )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:174: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

address = ('localhost', 8123), timeout = None, source_address = None
socket_options = [(6, 1, 1)]

    def create_connection(
        address,
        timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
        source_address=None,
        socket_options=None,
    ):
        """Connect to *address* and return the socket object.
    
        Convenience function.  Connect to *address* (a 2-tuple ``(host,
        port)``) and return the socket object.  Passing the optional
        *timeout* parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance
        before attempting to connect.  If no *timeout* is supplied, the
        global default timeout setting returned by :func:`socket.getdefaulttimeout`
        is used.  If *source_address* is set it must be a tuple of (host, port)
        for the socket to bind as a source address before making the connection.
        An host of '' or port 0 tells the OS to use the default.
        """
    
        host, port = address
        if host.startswith("["):
            host = host.strip("[]")
        err = None
    
        # Using the value from allowed_gai_family() in the context of getaddrinfo lets
        # us select whether to work with IPv4 DNS records, IPv6 records, or both.
        # The original create_connection function always returns all records.
        family = allowed_gai_family()
    
        try:
            host.encode("idna")
        except UnicodeError:
            return six.raise_from(
                LocationParseError(u"'%s', label empty or too long" % host), None
            )
    
        for res in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
            af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
            sock = None
            try:
                sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
    
                # If provided, set socket level options before connecting.
                _set_socket_options(sock, socket_options)
    
                if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
                    sock.settimeout(timeout)
                if source_address:
                    sock.bind(source_address)
                sock.connect(sa)
                return sock
    
            except socket.error as e:
                err = e
                if sock is not None:
                    sock.close()
                    sock = None
    
        if err is not None:
>           raise err

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py:95: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

address = ('localhost', 8123), timeout = None, source_address = None
socket_options = [(6, 1, 1)]

    def create_connection(
        address,
        timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
        source_address=None,
        socket_options=None,
    ):
        """Connect to *address* and return the socket object.
    
        Convenience function.  Connect to *address* (a 2-tuple ``(host,
        port)``) and return the socket object.  Passing the optional
        *timeout* parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance
        before attempting to connect.  If no *timeout* is supplied, the
        global default timeout setting returned by :func:`socket.getdefaulttimeout`
        is used.  If *source_address* is set it must be a tuple of (host, port)
        for the socket to bind as a source address before making the connection.
        An host of '' or port 0 tells the OS to use the default.
        """
    
        host, port = address
        if host.startswith("["):
            host = host.strip("[]")
        err = None
    
        # Using the value from allowed_gai_family() in the context of getaddrinfo lets
        # us select whether to work with IPv4 DNS records, IPv6 records, or both.
        # The original create_connection function always returns all records.
        family = allowed_gai_family()
    
        try:
            host.encode("idna")
        except UnicodeError:
            return six.raise_from(
                LocationParseError(u"'%s', label empty or too long" % host), None
            )
    
        for res in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
            af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
            sock = None
            try:
                sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
    
                # If provided, set socket level options before connecting.
                _set_socket_options(sock, socket_options)
    
                if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
                    sock.settimeout(timeout)
                if source_address:
                    sock.bind(source_address)
>               sock.connect(sa)
E               ConnectionRefusedError: [Errno 111] Connection refused

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py:85: ConnectionRefusedError

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

self = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa00996af50>
method = 'POST', url = '/execute'
body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '73', 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Authorization': 'Basic d3Jvbmc6d3Jvbmc='}
retries = Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=False, redirect=None, status=None)
redirect = False, assert_same_host = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), pool_timeout = None
release_conn = False, chunked = False, body_pos = None
response_kw = {'decode_content': False, 'preload_content': False}
parsed_url = Url(scheme=None, auth=None, host=None, port=None, path='/execute', query=None, fragment=None)
destination_scheme = None, conn = None, release_this_conn = True
http_tunnel_required = False, err = None, clean_exit = False

    def urlopen(
        self,
        method,
        url,
        body=None,
        headers=None,
        retries=None,
        redirect=True,
        assert_same_host=True,
        timeout=_Default,
        pool_timeout=None,
        release_conn=None,
        chunked=False,
        body_pos=None,
        **response_kw
    ):
        """
        Get a connection from the pool and perform an HTTP request. This is the
        lowest level call for making a request, so you'll need to specify all
        the raw details.
    
        .. note::
    
           More commonly, it's appropriate to use a convenience method provided
           by :class:`.RequestMethods`, such as :meth:`request`.
    
        .. note::
    
           `release_conn` will only behave as expected if
           `preload_content=False` because we want to make
           `preload_content=False` the default behaviour someday soon without
           breaking backwards compatibility.
    
        :param method:
            HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.)
    
        :param url:
            The URL to perform the request on.
    
        :param body:
            Data to send in the request body, either :class:`str`, :class:`bytes`,
            an iterable of :class:`str`/:class:`bytes`, or a file-like object.
    
        :param headers:
            Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent,
            If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided,
            these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers.
    
        :param retries:
            Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a
            :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` exception.
    
            Pass ``None`` to retry until you receive a response. Pass a
            :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` object for fine-grained control
            over different types of retries.
            Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times,
            but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry.
    
            If ``False``, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised
            immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects,
            the redirect response will be returned.
    
        :type retries: :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry`, False, or an int.
    
        :param redirect:
            If True, automatically handle redirects (status codes 301, 302,
            303, 307, 308). Each redirect counts as a retry. Disabling retries
            will disable redirect, too.
    
        :param assert_same_host:
            If ``True``, will make sure that the host of the pool requests is
            consistent else will raise HostChangedError. When ``False``, you can
            use the pool on an HTTP proxy and request foreign hosts.
    
        :param timeout:
            If specified, overrides the default timeout for this one
            request. It may be a float (in seconds) or an instance of
            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`.
    
        :param pool_timeout:
            If set and the pool is set to block=True, then this method will
            block for ``pool_timeout`` seconds and raise EmptyPoolError if no
            connection is available within the time period.
    
        :param release_conn:
            If False, then the urlopen call will not release the connection
            back into the pool once a response is received (but will release if
            you read the entire contents of the response such as when
            `preload_content=True`). This is useful if you're not preloading
            the response's content immediately. You will need to call
            ``r.release_conn()`` on the response ``r`` to return the connection
            back into the pool. If None, it takes the value of
            ``response_kw.get('preload_content', True)``.
    
        :param chunked:
            If True, urllib3 will send the body using chunked transfer
            encoding. Otherwise, urllib3 will send the body using the standard
            content-length form. Defaults to False.
    
        :param int body_pos:
            Position to seek to in file-like body in the event of a retry or
            redirect. Typically this won't need to be set because urllib3 will
            auto-populate the value when needed.
    
        :param \\**response_kw:
            Additional parameters are passed to
            :meth:`urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.from_httplib`
        """
    
        parsed_url = parse_url(url)
        destination_scheme = parsed_url.scheme
    
        if headers is None:
            headers = self.headers
    
        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
    
        if release_conn is None:
            release_conn = response_kw.get("preload_content", True)
    
        # Check host
        if assert_same_host and not self.is_same_host(url):
            raise HostChangedError(self, url, retries)
    
        # Ensure that the URL we're connecting to is properly encoded
        if url.startswith("/"):
            url = six.ensure_str(_encode_target(url))
        else:
            url = six.ensure_str(parsed_url.url)
    
        conn = None
    
        # Track whether `conn` needs to be released before
        # returning/raising/recursing. Update this variable if necessary, and
        # leave `release_conn` constant throughout the function. That way, if
        # the function recurses, the original value of `release_conn` will be
        # passed down into the recursive call, and its value will be respected.
        #
        # See issue #651 [1] for details.
        #
        # [1] <https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/651>
        release_this_conn = release_conn
    
        http_tunnel_required = connection_requires_http_tunnel(
            self.proxy, self.proxy_config, destination_scheme
        )
    
        # Merge the proxy headers. Only done when not using HTTP CONNECT. We
        # have to copy the headers dict so we can safely change it without those
        # changes being reflected in anyone else's copy.
        if not http_tunnel_required:
            headers = headers.copy()
            headers.update(self.proxy_headers)
    
        # Must keep the exception bound to a separate variable or else Python 3
        # complains about UnboundLocalError.
        err = None
    
        # Keep track of whether we cleanly exited the except block. This
        # ensures we do proper cleanup in finally.
        clean_exit = False
    
        # Rewind body position, if needed. Record current position
        # for future rewinds in the event of a redirect/retry.
        body_pos = set_file_position(body, body_pos)
    
        try:
            # Request a connection from the queue.
            timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
            conn = self._get_conn(timeout=pool_timeout)
    
            conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
    
            is_new_proxy_conn = self.proxy is not None and not getattr(
                conn, "sock", None
            )
            if is_new_proxy_conn and http_tunnel_required:
                self._prepare_proxy(conn)
    
            # Make the request on the httplib connection object.
>           httplib_response = self._make_request(
                conn,
                method,
                url,
                timeout=timeout_obj,
                body=body,
                headers=headers,
                chunked=chunked,
            )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:703: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa00996af50>
conn = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00996b350>
method = 'POST', url = '/execute'
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), chunked = False
httplib_request_kw = {'body': b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}', 'headers': {'User-Agent': 'pyth...: 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '73', 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Authorization': 'Basic d3Jvbmc6d3Jvbmc='}}
timeout_obj = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None)

    def _make_request(
        self, conn, method, url, timeout=_Default, chunked=False, **httplib_request_kw
    ):
        """
        Perform a request on a given urllib connection object taken from our
        pool.
    
        :param conn:
            a connection from one of our connection pools
    
        :param timeout:
            Socket timeout in seconds for the request. This can be a
            float or integer, which will set the same timeout value for
            the socket connect and the socket read, or an instance of
            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`, which gives you more fine-grained
            control over your timeouts.
        """
        self.num_requests += 1
    
        timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
        timeout_obj.start_connect()
        conn.timeout = Timeout.resolve_default_timeout(timeout_obj.connect_timeout)
    
        # Trigger any extra validation we need to do.
        try:
            self._validate_conn(conn)
        except (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError) as e:
            # Py2 raises this as a BaseSSLError, Py3 raises it as socket timeout.
            self._raise_timeout(err=e, url=url, timeout_value=conn.timeout)
            raise
    
        # conn.request() calls http.client.*.request, not the method in
        # urllib3.request. It also calls makefile (recv) on the socket.
        try:
            if chunked:
                conn.request_chunked(method, url, **httplib_request_kw)
            else:
>               conn.request(method, url, **httplib_request_kw)

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:398: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00996b350>
method = 'POST', url = '/execute'
body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '73', 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Authorization': 'Basic d3Jvbmc6d3Jvbmc='}

    def request(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None):
        # Update the inner socket's timeout value to send the request.
        # This only triggers if the connection is re-used.
        if getattr(self, "sock", None) is not None:
            self.sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
    
        if headers is None:
            headers = {}
        else:
            # Avoid modifying the headers passed into .request()
            headers = headers.copy()
        if "user-agent" not in (six.ensure_str(k.lower()) for k in headers):
            headers["User-Agent"] = _get_default_user_agent()
>       super(HTTPConnection, self).request(method, url, body=body, headers=headers)

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:244: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00996b350>
method = 'POST', url = '/execute'
body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '73', 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Authorization': 'Basic d3Jvbmc6d3Jvbmc='}

    def request(self, method, url, body=None, headers={}, *,
                encode_chunked=False):
        """Send a complete request to the server."""
>       self._send_request(method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1283: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00996b350>
method = 'POST', url = '/execute'
body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '73', 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Authorization': 'Basic d3Jvbmc6d3Jvbmc='}
encode_chunked = False

    def _send_request(self, method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked):
        # Honor explicitly requested Host: and Accept-Encoding: headers.
        header_names = frozenset(k.lower() for k in headers)
        skips = {}
        if 'host' in header_names:
            skips['skip_host'] = 1
        if 'accept-encoding' in header_names:
            skips['skip_accept_encoding'] = 1
    
        self.putrequest(method, url, **skips)
    
        # chunked encoding will happen if HTTP/1.1 is used and either
        # the caller passes encode_chunked=True or the following
        # conditions hold:
        # 1. content-length has not been explicitly set
        # 2. the body is a file or iterable, but not a str or bytes-like
        # 3. Transfer-Encoding has NOT been explicitly set by the caller
    
        if 'content-length' not in header_names:
            # only chunk body if not explicitly set for backwards
            # compatibility, assuming the client code is already handling the
            # chunking
            if 'transfer-encoding' not in header_names:
                # if content-length cannot be automatically determined, fall
                # back to chunked encoding
                encode_chunked = False
                content_length = self._get_content_length(body, method)
                if content_length is None:
                    if body is not None:
                        if self.debuglevel > 0:
                            print('Unable to determine size of %r' % body)
                        encode_chunked = True
                        self.putheader('Transfer-Encoding', 'chunked')
                else:
                    self.putheader('Content-Length', str(content_length))
        else:
            encode_chunked = False
    
        for hdr, value in headers.items():
            self.putheader(hdr, value)
        if isinstance(body, str):
            # RFC 2616 Section 3.7.1 says that text default has a
            # default charset of iso-8859-1.
            body = _encode(body, 'body')
>       self.endheaders(body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1329: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00996b350>
message_body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'

    def endheaders(self, message_body=None, *, encode_chunked=False):
        """Indicate that the last header line has been sent to the server.
    
        This method sends the request to the server.  The optional message_body
        argument can be used to pass a message body associated with the
        request.
        """
        if self.__state == _CS_REQ_STARTED:
            self.__state = _CS_REQ_SENT
        else:
            raise CannotSendHeader()
>       self._send_output(message_body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1278: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00996b350>
message_body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'
encode_chunked = False

    def _send_output(self, message_body=None, encode_chunked=False):
        """Send the currently buffered request and clear the buffer.
    
        Appends an extra \\r\\n to the buffer.
        A message_body may be specified, to be appended to the request.
        """
        self._buffer.extend((b"", b""))
        msg = b"\r\n".join(self._buffer)
        del self._buffer[:]
>       self.send(msg)

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:1038: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00996b350>
data = b'POST /execute HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: localhost:8123\r\nUser-Agent: python-requests/2.28.2\r\nAccept-Encoding: gzip, defla...n: keep-alive\r\nContent-Length: 73\r\nContent-Type: application/json\r\nAuthorization: Basic d3Jvbmc6d3Jvbmc=\r\n\r\n'

    def send(self, data):
        """Send `data' to the server.
        ``data`` can be a string object, a bytes object, an array object, a
        file-like object that supports a .read() method, or an iterable object.
        """
    
        if self.sock is None:
            if self.auto_open:
>               self.connect()

/usr/lib/python3.11/http/client.py:976: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00996b350>

    def connect(self):
>       conn = self._new_conn()

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:205: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00996b350>

    def _new_conn(self):
        """Establish a socket connection and set nodelay settings on it.
    
        :return: New socket connection.
        """
        extra_kw = {}
        if self.source_address:
            extra_kw["source_address"] = self.source_address
    
        if self.socket_options:
            extra_kw["socket_options"] = self.socket_options
    
        try:
            conn = connection.create_connection(
                (self._dns_host, self.port), self.timeout, **extra_kw
            )
    
        except SocketTimeout:
            raise ConnectTimeoutError(
                self,
                "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)"
                % (self.host, self.timeout),
            )
    
        except SocketError as e:
>           raise NewConnectionError(
                self, "Failed to establish a new connection: %s" % e
            )
E           urllib3.exceptions.NewConnectionError: <urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00996b350>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py:186: NewConnectionError

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

self = <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter object at 0x7fa00996a0d0>
request = <PreparedRequest [POST]>, stream = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), verify = True
cert = None, proxies = OrderedDict()

    def send(
        self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None
    ):
        """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
    
        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
        :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
        :type timeout: float or tuple or urllib3 Timeout object
        :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether
            we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it
            must be a path to a CA bundle to use
        :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
        :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
        :rtype: requests.Response
        """
    
        try:
            conn = self.get_connection(request.url, proxies)
        except LocationValueError as e:
            raise InvalidURL(e, request=request)
    
        self.cert_verify(conn, request.url, verify, cert)
        url = self.request_url(request, proxies)
        self.add_headers(
            request,
            stream=stream,
            timeout=timeout,
            verify=verify,
            cert=cert,
            proxies=proxies,
        )
    
        chunked = not (request.body is None or "Content-Length" in request.headers)
    
        if isinstance(timeout, tuple):
            try:
                connect, read = timeout
                timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read)
            except ValueError:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Invalid timeout {timeout}. Pass a (connect, read) timeout tuple, "
                    f"or a single float to set both timeouts to the same value."
                )
        elif isinstance(timeout, TimeoutSauce):
            pass
        else:
            timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout)
    
        try:
            if not chunked:
>               resp = conn.urlopen(
                    method=request.method,
                    url=url,
                    body=request.body,
                    headers=request.headers,
                    redirect=False,
                    assert_same_host=False,
                    preload_content=False,
                    decode_content=False,
                    retries=self.max_retries,
                    timeout=timeout,
                )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/adapters.py:489: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa00996af50>
method = 'POST', url = '/execute'
body = b'{"type": "request", "action": "shell.exec", "args": {"cmd": "echo ping"}}'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.28.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '73', 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Authorization': 'Basic d3Jvbmc6d3Jvbmc='}
retries = Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=False, redirect=None, status=None)
redirect = False, assert_same_host = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), pool_timeout = None
release_conn = False, chunked = False, body_pos = None
response_kw = {'decode_content': False, 'preload_content': False}
parsed_url = Url(scheme=None, auth=None, host=None, port=None, path='/execute', query=None, fragment=None)
destination_scheme = None, conn = None, release_this_conn = True
http_tunnel_required = False, err = None, clean_exit = False

    def urlopen(
        self,
        method,
        url,
        body=None,
        headers=None,
        retries=None,
        redirect=True,
        assert_same_host=True,
        timeout=_Default,
        pool_timeout=None,
        release_conn=None,
        chunked=False,
        body_pos=None,
        **response_kw
    ):
        """
        Get a connection from the pool and perform an HTTP request. This is the
        lowest level call for making a request, so you'll need to specify all
        the raw details.
    
        .. note::
    
           More commonly, it's appropriate to use a convenience method provided
           by :class:`.RequestMethods`, such as :meth:`request`.
    
        .. note::
    
           `release_conn` will only behave as expected if
           `preload_content=False` because we want to make
           `preload_content=False` the default behaviour someday soon without
           breaking backwards compatibility.
    
        :param method:
            HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.)
    
        :param url:
            The URL to perform the request on.
    
        :param body:
            Data to send in the request body, either :class:`str`, :class:`bytes`,
            an iterable of :class:`str`/:class:`bytes`, or a file-like object.
    
        :param headers:
            Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent,
            If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided,
            these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers.
    
        :param retries:
            Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a
            :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` exception.
    
            Pass ``None`` to retry until you receive a response. Pass a
            :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` object for fine-grained control
            over different types of retries.
            Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times,
            but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry.
    
            If ``False``, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised
            immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects,
            the redirect response will be returned.
    
        :type retries: :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry`, False, or an int.
    
        :param redirect:
            If True, automatically handle redirects (status codes 301, 302,
            303, 307, 308). Each redirect counts as a retry. Disabling retries
            will disable redirect, too.
    
        :param assert_same_host:
            If ``True``, will make sure that the host of the pool requests is
            consistent else will raise HostChangedError. When ``False``, you can
            use the pool on an HTTP proxy and request foreign hosts.
    
        :param timeout:
            If specified, overrides the default timeout for this one
            request. It may be a float (in seconds) or an instance of
            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`.
    
        :param pool_timeout:
            If set and the pool is set to block=True, then this method will
            block for ``pool_timeout`` seconds and raise EmptyPoolError if no
            connection is available within the time period.
    
        :param release_conn:
            If False, then the urlopen call will not release the connection
            back into the pool once a response is received (but will release if
            you read the entire contents of the response such as when
            `preload_content=True`). This is useful if you're not preloading
            the response's content immediately. You will need to call
            ``r.release_conn()`` on the response ``r`` to return the connection
            back into the pool. If None, it takes the value of
            ``response_kw.get('preload_content', True)``.
    
        :param chunked:
            If True, urllib3 will send the body using chunked transfer
            encoding. Otherwise, urllib3 will send the body using the standard
            content-length form. Defaults to False.
    
        :param int body_pos:
            Position to seek to in file-like body in the event of a retry or
            redirect. Typically this won't need to be set because urllib3 will
            auto-populate the value when needed.
    
        :param \\**response_kw:
            Additional parameters are passed to
            :meth:`urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.from_httplib`
        """
    
        parsed_url = parse_url(url)
        destination_scheme = parsed_url.scheme
    
        if headers is None:
            headers = self.headers
    
        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
    
        if release_conn is None:
            release_conn = response_kw.get("preload_content", True)
    
        # Check host
        if assert_same_host and not self.is_same_host(url):
            raise HostChangedError(self, url, retries)
    
        # Ensure that the URL we're connecting to is properly encoded
        if url.startswith("/"):
            url = six.ensure_str(_encode_target(url))
        else:
            url = six.ensure_str(parsed_url.url)
    
        conn = None
    
        # Track whether `conn` needs to be released before
        # returning/raising/recursing. Update this variable if necessary, and
        # leave `release_conn` constant throughout the function. That way, if
        # the function recurses, the original value of `release_conn` will be
        # passed down into the recursive call, and its value will be respected.
        #
        # See issue #651 [1] for details.
        #
        # [1] <https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/651>
        release_this_conn = release_conn
    
        http_tunnel_required = connection_requires_http_tunnel(
            self.proxy, self.proxy_config, destination_scheme
        )
    
        # Merge the proxy headers. Only done when not using HTTP CONNECT. We
        # have to copy the headers dict so we can safely change it without those
        # changes being reflected in anyone else's copy.
        if not http_tunnel_required:
            headers = headers.copy()
            headers.update(self.proxy_headers)
    
        # Must keep the exception bound to a separate variable or else Python 3
        # complains about UnboundLocalError.
        err = None
    
        # Keep track of whether we cleanly exited the except block. This
        # ensures we do proper cleanup in finally.
        clean_exit = False
    
        # Rewind body position, if needed. Record current position
        # for future rewinds in the event of a redirect/retry.
        body_pos = set_file_position(body, body_pos)
    
        try:
            # Request a connection from the queue.
            timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
            conn = self._get_conn(timeout=pool_timeout)
    
            conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
    
            is_new_proxy_conn = self.proxy is not None and not getattr(
                conn, "sock", None
            )
            if is_new_proxy_conn and http_tunnel_required:
                self._prepare_proxy(conn)
    
            # Make the request on the httplib connection object.
            httplib_response = self._make_request(
                conn,
                method,
                url,
                timeout=timeout_obj,
                body=body,
                headers=headers,
                chunked=chunked,
            )
    
            # If we're going to release the connection in ``finally:``, then
            # the response doesn't need to know about the connection. Otherwise
            # it will also try to release it and we'll have a double-release
            # mess.
            response_conn = conn if not release_conn else None
    
            # Pass method to Response for length checking
            response_kw["request_method"] = method
    
            # Import httplib's response into our own wrapper object
            response = self.ResponseCls.from_httplib(
                httplib_response,
                pool=self,
                connection=response_conn,
                retries=retries,
                **response_kw
            )
    
            # Everything went great!
            clean_exit = True
    
        except EmptyPoolError:
            # Didn't get a connection from the pool, no need to clean up
            clean_exit = True
            release_this_conn = False
            raise
    
        except (
            TimeoutError,
            HTTPException,
            SocketError,
            ProtocolError,
            BaseSSLError,
            SSLError,
            CertificateError,
        ) as e:
            # Discard the connection for these exceptions. It will be
            # replaced during the next _get_conn() call.
            clean_exit = False
    
            def _is_ssl_error_message_from_http_proxy(ssl_error):
                # We're trying to detect the message 'WRONG_VERSION_NUMBER' but
                # SSLErrors are kinda all over the place when it comes to the message,
                # so we try to cover our bases here!
                message = " ".join(re.split("[^a-z]", str(ssl_error).lower()))
                return (
                    "wrong version number" in message or "unknown protocol" in message
                )
    
            # Try to detect a common user error with proxies which is to
            # set an HTTP proxy to be HTTPS when it should be 'http://'
            # (ie {'http': 'http://proxy', 'https': 'https://proxy'})
            # Instead we add a nice error message and point to a URL.
            if (
                isinstance(e, BaseSSLError)
                and self.proxy
                and _is_ssl_error_message_from_http_proxy(e)
                and conn.proxy
                and conn.proxy.scheme == "https"
            ):
                e = ProxyError(
                    "Your proxy appears to only use HTTP and not HTTPS, "
                    "try changing your proxy URL to be HTTP. See: "
                    "https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/1.26.x/advanced-usage.html"
                    "#https-proxy-error-http-proxy",
                    SSLError(e),
                )
            elif isinstance(e, (BaseSSLError, CertificateError)):
                e = SSLError(e)
            elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, NewConnectionError)) and self.proxy:
                e = ProxyError("Cannot connect to proxy.", e)
            elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, HTTPException)):
                e = ProtocolError("Connection aborted.", e)
    
>           retries = retries.increment(
                method, url, error=e, _pool=self, _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2]
            )

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:787: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=False, redirect=None, status=None)
method = 'POST', url = '/execute', response = None
error = NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00996b350>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused')
_pool = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool object at 0x7fa00996af50>
_stacktrace = <traceback object at 0x7fa0099cf300>

    def increment(
        self,
        method=None,
        url=None,
        response=None,
        error=None,
        _pool=None,
        _stacktrace=None,
    ):
        """Return a new Retry object with incremented retry counters.
    
        :param response: A response object, or None, if the server did not
            return a response.
        :type response: :class:`~urllib3.response.HTTPResponse`
        :param Exception error: An error encountered during the request, or
            None if the response was received successfully.
    
        :return: A new ``Retry`` object.
        """
        if self.total is False and error:
            # Disabled, indicate to re-raise the error.
            raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
    
        total = self.total
        if total is not None:
            total -= 1
    
        connect = self.connect
        read = self.read
        redirect = self.redirect
        status_count = self.status
        other = self.other
        cause = "unknown"
        status = None
        redirect_location = None
    
        if error and self._is_connection_error(error):
            # Connect retry?
            if connect is False:
                raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
            elif connect is not None:
                connect -= 1
    
        elif error and self._is_read_error(error):
            # Read retry?
            if read is False or not self._is_method_retryable(method):
                raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
            elif read is not None:
                read -= 1
    
        elif error:
            # Other retry?
            if other is not None:
                other -= 1
    
        elif response and response.get_redirect_location():
            # Redirect retry?
            if redirect is not None:
                redirect -= 1
            cause = "too many redirects"
            redirect_location = response.get_redirect_location()
            status = response.status
    
        else:
            # Incrementing because of a server error like a 500 in
            # status_forcelist and the given method is in the allowed_methods
            cause = ResponseError.GENERIC_ERROR
            if response and response.status:
                if status_count is not None:
                    status_count -= 1
                cause = ResponseError.SPECIFIC_ERROR.format(status_code=response.status)
                status = response.status
    
        history = self.history + (
            RequestHistory(method, url, error, status, redirect_location),
        )
    
        new_retry = self.new(
            total=total,
            connect=connect,
            read=read,
            redirect=redirect,
            status=status_count,
            other=other,
            history=history,
        )
    
        if new_retry.is_exhausted():
>           raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, error or ResponseError(cause))
E           urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError: HTTPConnectionPool(host='localhost', port=8123): Max retries exceeded with url: /execute (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00996b350>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused'))

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/urllib3/util/retry.py:592: MaxRetryError

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

base_url = 'http://localhost:8123'
expected_login_redirect = 'http://localhost:8123/login?redirect=http://localhost:8123/execute'

    def test_request_with_wrong_credentials(base_url, expected_login_redirect):
        # A request with the wrong user/pass should fail.
>       response = send_request(
            authenticate=False, auth=('wrong', 'wrong'), parse_json=False
        )

tests/test_http.py:67: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 
tests/test_http.py:17: in send_request
    return _send_request('shell.exec', args={'cmd': 'echo ping'}, **kwargs)
tests/utils.py:60: in send_request
    response = requests.post(
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/api.py:115: in post
    return request("post", url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/api.py:59: in request
    return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/sessions.py:587: in request
    resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/sessions.py:701: in send
    r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

self = <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter object at 0x7fa00996a0d0>
request = <PreparedRequest [POST]>, stream = False
timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), verify = True
cert = None, proxies = OrderedDict()

    def send(
        self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None
    ):
        """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
    
        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
        :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
        :type timeout: float or tuple or urllib3 Timeout object
        :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether
            we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it
            must be a path to a CA bundle to use
        :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
        :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
        :rtype: requests.Response
        """
    
        try:
            conn = self.get_connection(request.url, proxies)
        except LocationValueError as e:
            raise InvalidURL(e, request=request)
    
        self.cert_verify(conn, request.url, verify, cert)
        url = self.request_url(request, proxies)
        self.add_headers(
            request,
            stream=stream,
            timeout=timeout,
            verify=verify,
            cert=cert,
            proxies=proxies,
        )
    
        chunked = not (request.body is None or "Content-Length" in request.headers)
    
        if isinstance(timeout, tuple):
            try:
                connect, read = timeout
                timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read)
            except ValueError:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Invalid timeout {timeout}. Pass a (connect, read) timeout tuple, "
                    f"or a single float to set both timeouts to the same value."
                )
        elif isinstance(timeout, TimeoutSauce):
            pass
        else:
            timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout)
    
        try:
            if not chunked:
                resp = conn.urlopen(
                    method=request.method,
                    url=url,
                    body=request.body,
                    headers=request.headers,
                    redirect=False,
                    assert_same_host=False,
                    preload_content=False,
                    decode_content=False,
                    retries=self.max_retries,
                    timeout=timeout,
                )
    
            # Send the request.
            else:
                if hasattr(conn, "proxy_pool"):
                    conn = conn.proxy_pool
    
                low_conn = conn._get_conn(timeout=DEFAULT_POOL_TIMEOUT)
    
                try:
                    skip_host = "Host" in request.headers
                    low_conn.putrequest(
                        request.method,
                        url,
                        skip_accept_encoding=True,
                        skip_host=skip_host,
                    )
    
                    for header, value in request.headers.items():
                        low_conn.putheader(header, value)
    
                    low_conn.endheaders()
    
                    for i in request.body:
                        low_conn.send(hex(len(i))[2:].encode("utf-8"))
                        low_conn.send(b"\r\n")
                        low_conn.send(i)
                        low_conn.send(b"\r\n")
                    low_conn.send(b"0\r\n\r\n")
    
                    # Receive the response from the server
                    r = low_conn.getresponse()
    
                    resp = HTTPResponse.from_httplib(
                        r,
                        pool=conn,
                        connection=low_conn,
                        preload_content=False,
                        decode_content=False,
                    )
                except Exception:
                    # If we hit any problems here, clean up the connection.
                    # Then, raise so that we can handle the actual exception.
                    low_conn.close()
                    raise
    
        except (ProtocolError, OSError) as err:
            raise ConnectionError(err, request=request)
    
        except MaxRetryError as e:
            if isinstance(e.reason, ConnectTimeoutError):
                # TODO: Remove this in 3.0.0: see #2811
                if not isinstance(e.reason, NewConnectionError):
                    raise ConnectTimeout(e, request=request)
    
            if isinstance(e.reason, ResponseError):
                raise RetryError(e, request=request)
    
            if isinstance(e.reason, _ProxyError):
                raise ProxyError(e, request=request)
    
            if isinstance(e.reason, _SSLError):
                # This branch is for urllib3 v1.22 and later.
                raise SSLError(e, request=request)
    
>           raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
E           requests.exceptions.ConnectionError: HTTPConnectionPool(host='localhost', port=8123): Max retries exceeded with url: /execute (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fa00996b350>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno 111] Connection refused'))

/usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/requests/adapters.py:565: ConnectionError
=============================== warnings summary ===============================
tests/test_cron.py::test_cron_execution
  /usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/_pytest/threadexception.py:73: PytestUnhandledThreadExceptionWarning: Exception in thread Thread-1 (<lambda>)
  
  Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "/usr/lib/python3.11/threading.py", line 1038, in _bootstrap_inner
      self.run()
    File "/usr/lib/python3.11/threading.py", line 975, in run
      self._target(*self._args, **self._kwargs)
    File "/opt/repos/platypush/tests/conftest.py", line 35, in <lambda>
      Thread(target=lambda: app.run()).start()
                            ^^^^^^^^^
    File "/opt/repos/platypush/platypush/__init__.py", line 261, in run
      self.backends = register_backends(bus=self.bus, global_scope=True)
                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    File "/opt/repos/platypush/platypush/context/__init__.py", line 75, in register_backends
      module = importlib.import_module('platypush.backend.' + name)
               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    File "/usr/lib/python3.11/importlib/__init__.py", line 126, in import_module
      return _bootstrap._gcd_import(name[level:], package, level)
             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1206, in _gcd_import
    File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1178, in _find_and_load
    File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1149, in _find_and_load_unlocked
    File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 690, in _load_unlocked
    File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap_external>", line 940, in exec_module
    File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 241, in _call_with_frames_removed
    File "/opt/repos/platypush/platypush/backend/http/__init__.py", line 12, in <module>
      import waitress
  ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'waitress'
  
    warnings.warn(pytest.PytestUnhandledThreadExceptionWarning(msg))

-- Docs: https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/how-to/capture-warnings.html
=========================== short test summary info ============================
FAILED tests/test_cron.py::test_cron_execution - AssertionError: The expected...
FAILED tests/test_http.py::test_request_with_no_registered_users - requests.e...
FAILED tests/test_http.py::test_first_user_registration - requests.exceptions...
FAILED tests/test_http.py::test_unauthorized_request_with_registered_user - r...
FAILED tests/test_http.py::test_authorized_request_with_registered_user - req...
FAILED tests/test_http.py::test_request_with_wrong_credentials - requests.exc...
ERROR tests/test_procedure.py::test_procedure_call - requests.exceptions.Conn...
ERROR tests/test_procedure.py::test_procedure_from_event - requests.exception...
============== 6 failed, 5 passed, 1 warning, 2 errors in 16.88s ===============
FAILED tests/test_cron.py::test_cron_execution - AssertionError: The expected...
FAILED tests/test_http.py::test_request_with_no_registered_users - requests.e...
FAILED tests/test_http.py::test_first_user_registration - requests.exceptions...
FAILED tests/test_http.py::test_unauthorized_request_with_registered_user - r...
FAILED tests/test_http.py::test_authorized_request_with_registered_user - req...
FAILED tests/test_http.py::test_request_with_wrong_credentials - requests.exc...
Cleaning up environment
Status: FAILED